Chapter 8 Photosynthesis 8 1 Vocabulary Energy page

Chapter 8 Photosynthesis

8. 1 Vocabulary • • • Energy – page 226 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) – page 227 Heterotroph Autotroph Photosynthesis

Section 1 Energy and Life Standards: 3 A. 1 Objectives: • Explain and use models to show the transfer of energy from ATP-ADP. • Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs.

REVIEW • Maintaining homeostasis is hard work for a cell. • Work done by cells to stay alive: – Grow and develop – Move materials around (active transport) – Build new molecules – Produce proteins – Respond to their environmental changes What fuels cells to accomplish all this work?

Energy • Energy – ability to do work. – Forms of energy: light, mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, sound, potential, kinetic, & more – Organisms need constant source of energy – Ultimate source of energy SUN – We get energy from food chemical energy

Where is ENERGY stored?

ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – most important compound that cells use to store & release energy. – Special nucleotide composed of adenine (N base), ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups – Transfers ENERGY from food cell processes – ENERGY source for ALL cells

ADP • Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) – molecule used by cells to store energy; lower energy molecule – Nucleotide composed of adenine (N base), ribose sugar, and 2 phosphate groups

Releasing and Storing Energy • ATP can release energy for cell to use when bonds between phosphates break. • ADP stores and absorbs energy when phosphate bonds form ATP.

ATP-ADP Cycle • Bond between the 2 nd & 3 rd phosphate group in ATP breaks forms ADP and a free phosphate group releases a lot of ENERGY • ADP + Energy ATP energy is stored in the bond

ATP vs. ADP

Review: ATP-ADP Cycle

How Organisms Obtain Energy • Autotrophs – capture energy from the sun or inorganic substances to make their own food. ex) plants, algae, some bacteria Producers • Heterotrophs – obtain food and energy by consuming living things Consumers

Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis – process by which autotrophs use energy from sun to produce carbohydrates (sugars and starch) used as food. – Light energy chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates SUN

Review: ATP, ADP, or Both? Molecule when bonds form Molecule when bonds break Energy Molecule Nucleotide More Energy Less Energy

8. 2 & 8. 3 Vocabulary • • • Pigment Chlorophyll Chloroplast – page 231 Thylakoid Grana – page 231 Stroma Light-dependent Reactions Light-independent Reactions Calvin Cycle – page 238

Section 2 & 3 Photosynthesis Standards: 3 A. 2, 3 A. 3 Objectives: • Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis. • Summarize the process of photosynthesis and the transfer of light energy into chemical energy. • Explain the factors that affect photosynthesis.

Purpose: Photosynthesis – Sunlight (solar energy) chemically converts water & carbon dioxide into chemical energy stored in simple sugars (glucose). – Light energy chemical energy – Glucose can bond with other elements to form other organic macromolecules. Equation: – 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Used by: plants, algae, phytoplankton

Photosynthesis Organelle chloroplast Factors affecting photosynthesis: – Temperature – Amount of light – Water Occurs in two stages: 1. Light-dependent reaction requires sun 2. Light-independent reaction no sun in the dark

Chloroplast Structure 1. Thylakoids – flattened saclike photosynthetic membranes 2. Grana – stacks of thylakoids 3. Stroma – fluid portion found outside of the thylakoids

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts A single chloroplast

Pigments in Chloroplast • Pigments – light absorbing molecules found in thylakoids that absorb sunlight ‒ Chlorophyll principal pigment causes plants to appear green because it reflects green light

Stage One: Light Dependent Reaction • During the day, sunlight is absorbed and used to split water occurs on thylakoid membrane H 2 O H+ O 2 – O 2 enters the atmosphere waste product – H+ makes energy storing molecules (ATP & NADPH)

Review: Stage One Light Dependent Reaction Water Oxygen

Stage Two: Light Independent Reaction (also called the Calvin Cycle) • Energy from ATP & NADPH fuel this reaction. • Uses CO 2 and the energy from ATP & NADPH to make a carbohydrate called GLUCOSE (C 6 H 12 O 6). • Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts

Review: Stage Two Light Independent Reaction Carbon Dioxide Sugars and Other carbohydrates

6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

Photosynthesis

6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

Photosynthesis Review

Review: Photosynthesis • 6 ____ + _______ + 6 ____ • Organelle ___________ • (T/F) Plants, algae, and phytoplankton are photosynthetic. • What 3 factors affect photosynthesis? • Most important pigment is called __________ • Light dependent reactions light or no light? • Light independent reactions light or no light?

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

9. 1 & 9. 2 Vocabulary • • • Cellular Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Mitochondria – page 252 Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Matrix Electron Transport Chain – page 258 Cristae – fold in inner membrane of mitochondria

Section 1 & 2 Cellular Respiration Standards: 3 A. 4, 3 A. 5 Objectives: • Identify the reactants and products of cellular respiration. • Summarize the process of cellular respiration and the transfer of chemical energy (food) to chemical energy (ATP). • Explain the factors that affect cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration Purpose: – Organisms obtain energy for cellular metabolic processes (such as active transport, protein synthesis, muscle contraction). – Chemical energy (food) chemical energy (ATP) Equation: – C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy (ATP) – Any food can be broken down for E to produce ATP: FOOD + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration Used by: all eukaryotic cells Cell Location cytoplasm & mitochondria

Cellular Respiration Factors affecting CR: – Amount of oxygen – Amount or type of food – Sugar – Temperature – Type of organism Occurs SLOWLY in three stages: 1. Glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen (anaerobic) 2. Krebs Cycle requires oxygen (aerobic) 3. Electron Transport Chain aerobic

Mitochondria Structure • 2 membranes (1 outer and 1 inner) • Cristae – fold in inner membrane • Matrix – innermost compartment

Stage One: Glycolysis (doesn’t require oxygen) • “sugar-breaking” • Glucose is broken down by enzymes into 2 ATP molecules and pyruvic acid occurs in the cytoplasm. • C 6 H 12 O 6 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP

Stage Two: Kreb Cycle (requires oxygen) • Also called Citric Acid Cycle • Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria • Pyruvic Acid CO 2 + H 20 + 2 ATP

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (requires oxygen) • Series of reactions ending with H 2 + O 2 H 2 O • Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria • ADP ATP • Produces most ATP (32 ATP)

Cellular Respiration

Review: Cellular Respiration

Review: Cellular Respiration

Review: Cell Respiration • 6 ____ + _______ + 6 ____ • Organelle _______________ • • (T/F) Cell respiration occurs in all eukaryotic organisms. Aerobic reactions oxygen or no oxygen? Anaerobic oxygen or no oxygen? Match & Sequence the following: ___Kreb Cycle _____ a) glucose pyruvic acid & ATP ___Electron Transport _____ b) pyruvic acid water, CO 2, ATP

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

9. 3 Vocabulary • Fermentation

Section 3 Fermentation Standards: 3 A. 4, 3 A. 5 Objectives: • Explain how the body produces ATP during different stages of exercise when oxygen isn’t available.

Fermentation (NO oxygen) • IF oxygen isn’t available cells produce energy using fermentation (occurs in the cytoplasm). • Anaerobic: Glycolysis Fermentation – Not efficient and produces much less ATP – 2 Types of Fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation – glucose pyruvic acid lactic acid + ATP – Occurs in muscle cells during vigorous exercise; also in bacteria 2. Alcohol Fermentation – glucose pyruvic acid alcohol + carbon dioxide + ATP – Occurs in yeast and some bacteria

Review: Fermentation

Which produces more ENERGY?