Chapter 8 Memory Spacing Effect distributed practice yields

Chapter 8: Memory Spacing Effect: distributed practice yields better long term retention than massed practice Helps with encoding: chunking; heirarchies, rehearsal, imagery, mnemonics, Serial Position Effect Visual Encoding images Semantic Encoding - meaning Acoustic Encoding sound Ebbinghaus: Research concluded that the amount learned depends on the time spent learning! Flashbulb Memories Attention Sensory Input Sensory Memory The immediate, initial recording of sensory information 7+/- 2 Working or Short-term Memory holds a few items briefly Recall Recognition George Sperling Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Momentary photographic memory Retrieval Cues 1. Priming Context Effects: 1. Mood Congruent 2. State Dependent 3. Deja Vu Encoding LTP – Neural basis for memory Long-term memory Retrieval Relatively permanent & limitless storehouse Declarative Memory (Explicit) Hippocampus Semantic Memory: Facts , Episodic: Personal events Non-Declarative Memory (Implicit) cerebellum Skills, Classical Conditioning

FORGETTING Working or Short-term Memory Encoding Failure Retrieval Failure Long-term memory INTERFERENCE SINS OF FORGETTING: 1. 2. 3. Absent-mindedness Transience Blocking 1. Misattribution – confusing the source Suggestibility – leading questions Bias SINS OF DISTORTION 2. 3. SIN OF INTRUSTION 1. Persistence Proactive – earlier learning interferes with the recall of new material. Retroactive – new learning interferes with the recall of old information. Amnesia: Anterograde: Inability to form memories for new information. Retrograde: inability to remember information previously stored in memory Repress: painful memories are repressed to protect our self concept and minimize anxiety