Chapter 8 Memory FALSE CONFESSIONS Articles Due today

Chapter 8 Memory

FALSE CONFESSIONS Articles Due today! Please put them on my desk. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=RLm. POFir. Pa. A&f eature=youtube_gdata_player

Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and yourself. If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even yourself would be a stranger.

The Phenomenon of Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve information.

Studying Memory: Information Processing Models Keyboard (Encoding) Disk (Storage) Sequential Process Monitor (Retrieval)

Encoding, storage or retrieval? ? Continuing to pronounce nuclear as nucular… A failure of which?

Information Processing Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/ Corbis Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short -term memory, and c) long-term memory. 7

Sensory Registers All of our senses have registers, but the visual and auditory have been studied most extensively. Virtually unlimited capacity, but information disappears from them quickly. Auditory information fades more slowly than visual.

Sensory Memory Percent Recognized The longer the delay, the greater the memory loss. 80 60 40 20 0. 15 0. 30 0. 50 Time (Seconds) 1. 00

Sensory Memories The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses. Iconic 0. 5 sec. long Echoic 3 -4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long

Modifications to the Three-Stage Model 1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically. 2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.

Cocktail Party Effect Broadbent Theory=Filtering out surrounding conversations. You could describe basic characteristic or people, but not topic of conversation.

Working Memory A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Encoding We encode info in two ways: Automatic Processing Effortful Processing

Encoding: Getting Information In How We Encode 1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed. 2. However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.

Encoding Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding Location, time and frequency Retracing steps to find your keys… Also becomes automatic with practice Driving to a friends house…

Encoding Effortful Processing Attention / conscious effort Studying for a test Through rehearsal, Effortful can become automatic

Automatic Processing We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly, such as the following: 1. Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. 2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. 3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.

Effortful Processing © Bananastock/ Alamy Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories.

Rehearsal Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. http: //www. isbn 3 -540 -21358 -9. de Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 -1909)

Rehearsal The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.

Memory Effects 1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. 2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items. Primacy Effect: Remember first words, items Recency Effect: Remember last items, words

Memory Effects Next-In-Line Effect Don’t remember what someone has said if we are next… Self-Reference Effect We encode better when issue relates to us

What We Encode 1. 2. 3. Encoding by meaning Encoding by images Encoding by organization

Encoding Meaning Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.

Which is most effective?

Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Both photos: Ho/AP Photo Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.

Mnemonic Devices Key Word System Term Key Word Mental Picture Broca’s Area Tom Brokaw News cast (talking) Parietal Lobe Paraná Amygdala Amy Hippocampus ? ? biting your toe Old Psycho girlfriend = Fear ? ? ?

Organizing Information for Encoding Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. 1. Chunking 2. Hierarchies

Chunking The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking. ” F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M FBI TWA CIA 4 chunks IBM

Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it. HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy

Storage: Retaining Information Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below: Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval

Working Memory Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7± 2) and a short duration (20 seconds). Sir George Hamilton observed that he could accurately remember up to 7 beans thrown on the floor. If there were more beans, he guessed.

Capacity The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information (1956). Ready? MUTGIKTLRSYP You should be able to recall 7± 2 letters. George Miller

Chunking The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking. ” F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M FBI TWA CIA 4 chunks IBM

Duration Peterson and Peterson (1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal. CHJ MKT HIJ 547 544 541 … The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec. CH? ?

Working Memory Duration

Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval

Long-Term Memory Essentially unlimited capacity store. R. J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6, 000 caches of buried pine seeds during winter and spring.

LTM Long Term-Potentiation (LTP) Leading Theory for LTM Neural networks strengthen memory Neural connections gradually strengthen through rehearsal over time (memory strengthened) • Nerve cell’s genes produce synapse strengthening proteins /enabling LTM formation • Epinephrine and/or cortisol affect long term • retention

LTM DEMO On a scratch sheet of paper, write down the names of the presidents (as many as you can) You will have 5 minutes.

Memory Feats

Memory Stores Feature Sensory Memory Working Memory LTM Encoding Copy Phonemic Semantic Capacity Unlimited 7± 2 Chunks Very Large Duration 0. 25 sec. 20 sec. Years

Types of Long Term Memory Episodic Memory= events experienced in a specific time and place Semantic Memory= facts and concepts Procedural Memory= motor skills and habits Emotional Memory= learned emotional responses Schema = a set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience; framework can influence the amount of attention you pay to a given event

Types of LTM