Chapter 8 Local Area Networks Internetworking 1 Chapter

Chapter 8 Local Area Networks Internetworking 1

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Introduction Many times it is necessary to connect a local area network to another local area network or to a wide area network. Local area network to local area network connections are often performed with a bridge-like device. Local area network to wide area network connections are usually performed with a router. A third device, the switch, can be used to interconnect segments of a local area network. 2

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Why Interconnect? To separate / connect one corporate division with another. To connect two LANs with different protocols. To connect a LAN to the Internet. To break a LAN into segments to relieve traffic congestion. To provide a security wall between two different types of users. 3

Repeaters extend the maximum allowed distance between nodes. telnet Repeaters • Repeaters repeat a signal from one port to another. A repeater forwards every frame; • Repeaters pass all traffic through without error checking or filtering. . • Repeaters pass collisions, too. 4

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Hubs As seen earlier, a hub interconnects two or more workstations into a local area network. When a workstation transmits to a hub, the hub immediately resends the data frame out all connecting links. A hub can be managed or unmanaged. A managed hub possesses enough processing power that it can be managed from a remote location. 5

Hubs – very simple devices that pass all traffic in both directions between the LAN sections they link. – same or different cable types – pass on every message – used to connect LANs of similar technology, or to extend the distance of one LAN • Very similar to repeaters – Also operates at the physical layer – use physical layer protocols

Hubs make it very easy to add and remove hosts on a network. telnet Hubs… • • Hubs propagate a signal received on one port to all other ports. Hubs propagate errors and collisions across ports, too. Hubs simplify the addition and removal of nodes on a LAN. Hubs are also used to connect network segments cabled with different media types. 7

Can also create multiple level of hierarchy 15. 8

Hubs Advantages : – inexpensive – easy to Install – can connect different media – very little delay Disadvantages : – limited distance between devices – no protocol – no error detection – does not filter

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Bridges A bridge (or bridge-like device) can be used to connect two similar LANs, such as two CSMA/CD LANs. A bridge can also be used to connect two closely similar LANs, such as a CSMA/CD LAN and a token ring LAN. The bridge examines the destination address in a frame and either forwards this frame onto the next LAN or does not. The bridge examines the source address in a frame and places this address in a routing table, to be used for future routing decisions. 10

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Bridges • Connects two or more LANs at the link layer – – – Extracts destination address from the frame. Looks up the destination in a table. Forwards the frame to the appropriate LAN segment. same or different cable types. forward only those messages that need to go out (filtering). “learn” whether to forward packets. • Each segment can carry its own traffic host host Bridge host 12

Bridges Bridge Hub telnet Hub Bridges make it possible to segment your network into separate collision domains to minimize collisions and improve performance. telnet Separate Collision Domains Bridges • • Bridges provide all the functionality of a hub. . Bridges filter frames by destination MAC, and segment a LAN into multiple collision domains. Bridges filter signal and timing errors. Bridges can be used to connect segments operating at different speeds. 13

A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions. • It can check the destination address of a frame and decide if the frame should be forwarded or dropped. • If the frame is to be forwarded, the decision must specify to port. • A bridge has a table that maps address to ports.

A bridge connecting two LANs the bridge can check the physical/MAC addresses contained in the frame. 15. 15

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Transparent Bridges A transparent bridge does not need programming but observes all traffic and builds routing tables from this observation. This observation is called backward learning. Each bridge has two connections (ports) and there is a routing table associated with each port. A bridge observes each frame that arrives at a port, extracts the source address from the frame, and places that address in the port’s routing table. A transparent bridge is found with CSMA/CD LANs. 16

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Transparent Bridges A transparent bridge can also convert one frame format to another, but this does not happen too often anymore since most networks are CSMA/CD. Note that some people / manufacturers call a bridge such as this a gateway or sometimes a router. The bridge removes the headers and trailers from one frame format and inserts (encapsulates) the headers and trailers for the second frame format. 19

A learning bridge and the process of learning 15. 20

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Remote Bridges A remote bridge is capable of passing a data frame from one local area network to another when the two LANs are separated by a long distance and there is a wide area network connecting the two LANs. A remote bridge takes the frame before it leaves the first LAN and encapsulates the WAN headers and trailers. When the packet arrives at the destination remote bridge, that bridge removes the WAN headers and trailers leaving the original frame. 21

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Spanning Tree Algorithm What happens if you have many LANs interconnected with multiple bridges, such as shown in the next slide? Data that leaves one workstation could travel to a bridge, across the next network, into the next bridge, and back onto the first network. A packet may continue to cycle like this forever! 23

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Spanning Tree Algorithm How do we stop this from happening? Disconnect one of the bridges? Maybe we want bridge redundancy in case one bridge fails. How about applying the spanning tree algorithm. How is the algorithm applied? 26

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Spanning Tree Algorithm Step 1: Designate a Root Bridge Step 2: Mark one port of each bridge as the Root Port. The root port is the port with the least-cost path from that bridge to the root bridge. The root ports are denoted with an asterisk in Figure 8 -7 b. Step 3: The next step is to select a designated bridge for each LAN. A designated bridge has the least-cost path between that LAN and the root bridge. Mark the corresponding port that connects that LAN to its designated bridge with two asterisks 27 (Figure 8 -7 b)

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Spanning Tree Algorithm Step 4: If a port has no asterisks, that port is redundant and can be “removed”. Keep all ports with one or two asterisks. The resulting configuration is shown in Figure 8 -7 c. Note there is now only one way to get to any LAN or bridge from any other LAN or bridge. 28

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Example Extended LAN with LOOPS A B B 9 B 7 B 5 C F D K B 2 B 1 J E G H B I B 4

Defining a Spanning Tree • Basic Rules – Bridge with the lowest ID is the root – For a given bridge • A port in the direction of the root bridge is the root port – For a given LAN • The bridge closest to the root (or the bridge with the lowest ID to break ties) is the designated bridge for a LAN • The corresponding port is the designated port – Bridges with no designated ports and ports that are neither a root port nor a designated port are not part of the tree.

Spanning Tree Algorithm Root A B 9 D– designated C port R– root port B D D B 2 R D F D R D K B 1 R D J D G R B I B 7 B 5 D E D H D R B 4 D D

Using a Spanning Tree: Forwarding • Forwarding A – Each bridge forwards frames over each LAN for which it is the C designated bridge or connected by a root port E B B 7 B 5 F D B 2 K B 1 J G H B 4 I

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Switches A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge. It can interconnect two or more workstations, but like a bridge, it observes traffic flow and learns. When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch examines the destination address and forwards the frame out the one necessary connection. Workstations that connect to a hub are on a shared segment. Workstations that connect to a switch are on a switched segment. 34

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Switches The backplane of a switch is fast enough to support multiple data transfers at one time. A switch that employs cut-through architecture is passing on the frame before the entire frame has arrived at the switch. Multiple workstations connected to a switch use dedicated segments. This is a very efficient way to isolate heavy users from the network. A switch can allow simultaneous access to multiple servers, or multiple simultaneous connections to a single server. 35

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Switches are similar to bridges, but offer multiple parallel communication channels across ports for improved performance. telnet Switches • Switches provide all the functionality of a bridge. . • Switches typically offer more ports than bridges. • Switches allow for multiple, parallel channels of communication between ports. 38

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Virtual LANs A virtual LAN, or VLAN, is a logical subgroup within a local area network that is created via switches and software rather than by manually moving wiring from one network device to another Even though the employees and their actual computer workstations may be scattered throughout the building, LAN switches and VLAN software can be used to create a “network within a network. ” 39

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Virtual LANs A relatively new standard, IEEE 802. 1 Q, was designed to allow multiple devices to intercommunicate and work together to create a virtual LAN Instead of sending a technician to a wiring closet to move a workstation cable from one switch to another, an 802. 1 Qcompliant switch can be remotely configured by a network administrator 40

Switches • Cut-through switches – use circuit-switching to immediately connect the port with the incoming message to the correct outgoing port – very fast as decisions are done in hardware – outgoing packet is lost if port is in use • Store-and-forward switches – copy the incoming packet to memory prior to processing the destination address -- transmit it when the outgoing port is ready

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Isolating Traffic Patterns with Switches Whether shared or dedicated segments are involved, the primary goal of a switch is to isolate a particular pattern of traffic from other patterns of traffic or from the remainder of the network Switches, because of their backplane, can also allow multiple paths of communications to simultaneously occur 42

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Isolating Traffic Patterns with Switches Using a pair of routers, it is possible to interconnect to switched segments, essentially creating one large local area network 45

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Full Duplex Switches A full duplex switch allows for simultaneous transmission and reception of data to and from a workstation. This full duplex connection helps to eliminate collisions. To support a full duplex connection to a switch, at least two pairs of wires are necessary - one for the receive operation and one for the transmit operation. Most people install four pairs today, so wiring is not the problem. 47

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Network Servers Network servers provide the storage necessary for LAN software. They are usually the focal point for the network operating system. Increasingly, network servers are functioning as bridges, switches, and routers. By adding the appropriate card, a server can assume multiple functions. 49

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Routers The device that connects a LAN to a WAN or a WAN to a WAN. A router accepts an outgoing packet, removes any LAN headers and trailers, and encapsulates the necessary WAN headers and trailers. Because a router has to make wide area network routing decisions, the router has to dig down into the network layer of the packet to retrieve the network destination address. 50

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking Routers Thus, routers are often called “layer 3 devices”. They operate at the third layer, or OSI network layer, of the packet. Routers often incorporate firewall functions. An example of a router’s operation is shown on the next slide. 51

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Routers – connect two or more LANs that use the same or different data link protocols, but the same network protocol. – same or different cable types – operate at the network layer – forward only messages that need to go out – routers use the internetwork address – internal routing tables – only processes messages addressed to it

Routers Advantages – can mix-in-match protocols and convert them – enable all ports to work at the same time – can be used as an extra layer of security – configurable – high speed Disadvantages – hard to configure and manage – access lists must be kept current – high maintenance/high training costs – very expensive

Switch vs Router vs Hub vs Bridge Vs Repeater Vs Wireless Access Point • Comparison and properties of a Hub – Hub is the simplest of these devices out of the five compared. – Hubs cannot filter data so data packets are sent to all connected devices/computers. The device has to make decision if it needs the packet. This can slow down the network overall. – Hubs do not have intelligence to find out best path for data packets. This leads to inefficiencies and wastage. – Pretty much repeat signal on one end to another. – Hubs are used on small networks where data transmission is not very high.

• Comparison and properties of a Bridge – A bridge is more complex than hub. – A bridge maintains a MAC address table for both LAN segments it is connected to. – Bridge has a single incoming and outgoing port. – Bridge filters traffic on the LAN by looking at the MAC address. – Bridge looks at the destination of the packet before forwarding unlike a hub. It restricts transmission on other LAN segment if destination is not found. – Bridges are used to separate parts of a network that do not need to communicate regularly, but need to be connected.

• Comparison and properties of a Switch – A switch when compared to bridge has multiple ports. – Switches can perform error checking before forwarding data. – Switches are very efficient by not forwarding packets that error-ed out or forwarding good packets selectively to correct devices only. – Switches can support both layer 2 (based on MAC Address) and layer 3 (Based on IP address) depending on the type of switch. – Usually large networks use switches instead of hubs to connect computers within the same subnet.

• Comparison and properties of a Router – A router, like a switch forwards packets based on address. – A router uses the IP address to forward packets. This allows the network to go across different protocols. – Routers forward packets based on software while a switch (Layer 3 for example) forwards using hardware called ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) – Routers support different WAN technologies but switches do not. – Wireless Routers have Access Point built in. – The most common home use for routers is to share a broadband internet connection. The router has a public IP address and that address is shared with the network. When data comes through the router it is forwarded to the correct computer.

• Comparison and properties of a wireless access point – Wireless Access Point bridges wireless and wired traffic. – Wireless Access Point allows devices/computers to connect to LAN in a wireless fashion. – Wireless Access Point allows wired and wireless devices work to communicate with each other. • Comparison and properties of a Repeater – Repeaters are built into the hubs or switches. Repeaters clean, amplify and resend the signals that have been weakened due to long cables traveling large distances.

Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking LAN Internetworking In Action: A Small Office Revisited Recall the In Action example from Chapter Seven. A small office with 20 workstations in one room and 15 workstations in another room were connected to a server via 100 Base. TX. One hub was kept in a closet near the 20 workstations while a second hub was near the server. 60

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking LAN Internetworking In Action: A Small Office Revisited Now Hannah wants to connect the LAN to the Internet. She adds a router next to the server and connects it to the hub. She connects the router to a high-speed telephone line such as a T-1 service. She will also have to program the router to perform IP addressing and firewall functions. 62

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Chapter Eight - Local Area Networks: Internetworking LAN Internetworking In Action: A Small Office Revisited Now network usage is so high that Hannah must consider segmenting the network. She decides to install a database server near the original server and replace both hubs with switches. 64

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