Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation 8 1

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Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation

Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation

8. 1 Washington Takes Office In 1789 the U. S. was ¼ the size

8. 1 Washington Takes Office In 1789 the U. S. was ¼ the size it is today.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office In April, 1789 the nation’s capital was in New

8. 1 Washington Takes Office In April, 1789 the nation’s capital was in New York City. Washington’s journey from Virginia to NYC for his inauguration took 8 days. Large crowds lined the roads to celebrate the Revolutionary hero and the Presidentto-be! Federal Hall in New York City.

“On the day of his inauguration, Thursday, April 30, Washington rode to Federal Hall

“On the day of his inauguration, Thursday, April 30, Washington rode to Federal Hall in a canary-yellow carriage pulled by six white horses and followed by a long column of New York militia in full dress. The air was sharp, the sun shone brightly, and with all work stopped in the city, the crowds along his route were the largest ever seen. It was as if all New York had turned out and more besides. ‘Many persons in the crowd, ’ reported the Gazette of the United States, ‘were heard to say they should now die contented – nothing being wanted to complete their happiness…but the sight of the savior of his country. ’”

Presidential inaugurations are important civic rituals in our nation's political life. The Constitution requires

Presidential inaugurations are important civic rituals in our nation's political life. The Constitution requires that presidential electoral votes be opened and counted by the Senate and House of Representatives meeting together, that the candidate with a majority of electoral votes be declared the victor, and that the president-elect, before taking charge of the office, swear an oath of office to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. " In 1788, the Confederation Congress scheduled the first presidential inauguration for the first Wednesday in March of the following year. However, the early months of 1789 proved to be unseasonably cold and snowy and bad weather delayed many members of the First Federal Congress from arriving promptly in New York City, the temporary seat of government. Until a quorum could be established in both the House and the Senate, no official business could be conducted. Finally, on April 6, 1789 - over a month late - enough members had reached New York to tally the electoral ballots. The ballots were counted on April 6 and George Washington won unanimously with 69 electoral votes. Washington was then notified of his victory and traveled to New York City from his home in Virginia. On April 30, 1789, George Washington took the oath as the first president of the United States. The oath was administered by Robert R. Livingston, the Chancellor of New York, on a second floor balcony of Federal Hall, above a crowd assembled in the streets to witness this historic event. President Washington and the members of Congress then retired to the Senate Chamber, where Washington delivered the first inaugural address to a joint session of Congress. Washington humbly noted the power of the nations' call for him to serve as president and the shared responsibility of the president and Congress to preserve "the sacred fire of liberty" and a republican form of government. At that auspicious moment marking the birth of the federal government under the Constitution, Senator William Maclay of Pennsylvania observed that even the great Washington trembled when he faced the assembled representatives and senators. "This great man was agitated and embarrassed, " Ma. Clay added, "more than ever he was by the levelled Cannon or pointed Musket. " After concluding his remarks, the President and Congress proceeded through crowds lined up on Broadway to St. Paul's Church, where a service was conducted. Social gatherings and festivities closed the nation's first inaugural day. Subsequent presidential inaugurations took place on March 4 th (or March 5 th when the fourth fell on a Sunday), until the Twentieth Amendment changed the date to January 20 th beginning in 1937. https: //www. archives. gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Inauguration – ceremony in which the President takes oath

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Inauguration – ceremony in which the President takes oath of office. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hwqz 2 TPv 3 y 8 Video Time Spot 34: 40

8. 1 Washington Takes Office As the very 1 st United States president, Washington

8. 1 Washington Takes Office As the very 1 st United States president, Washington would be setting a precedent, an example to be followed by others in the future. When Washington took office, the entire federal government was made up of little more than 75 post offices, a few clerks, and a tiny army of 672 soldiers. The first job of the President and Congress was to establish a working government.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Congress established 3 departments for the executive branch: TREASURY

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Congress established 3 departments for the executive branch: TREASURY STATE WAR Each department was headed by a secretary, appointed by the President. The President also appointed an attorney general to advise him on legal matters.

Alexander Hamilton Secretary of TREASURY Thomas Jefferson Secretary of STATE Henry Knox Edmund Randolph

Alexander Hamilton Secretary of TREASURY Thomas Jefferson Secretary of STATE Henry Knox Edmund Randolph Attorney General Secretary of WAR

John Adams served as Vice President to George Washington.

John Adams served as Vice President to George Washington.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a Supreme

8. 1 Washington Takes Office The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a Supreme Court of 6 justices (judges). Washington appointed John Jay as the 1 st Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court! John Jay 1 st Chief Justice

8. 1 Washington Takes Office The Revolutionary War had left the U. S. in

8. 1 Washington Takes Office The Revolutionary War had left the U. S. in a LOT of debt. $52 million Bonds are a form of debt. Bonds are loans, or IOUs, but you serve as the bank. You loan your money to a company, a city, the government – and they promise to pay you back in full, with regular interest payments. A city may sell bonds to raise money to build a bridge, while the federal government issues bonds to finance its spiraling debts.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Americans and foreigners purchased bonds during war from the

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Americans and foreigners purchased bonds during war from the National Government… “I’m going to give you $100 dollars today and in a year, you’re going to give me back $120. ” Most people who originally bought the bonds, sold them for less than they were worth. “The government isn’t going to be able to pay me back anything, so I’ll sell this bond to my neighbor for $80. Then, at least, I’ll only lose $20!”

Another financial issue was weather or not the federal government should pay back state

Another financial issue was weather or not the federal government should pay back state debts.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Many Americans started complaining that it was unfair that

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Many Americans started complaining that it was unfair that speculators would make a profit after the original bondholders lost money.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Alexander Hamilton Secretary of TREASURY Hamilton – The Man

8. 1 Washington Takes Office Alexander Hamilton Secretary of TREASURY Hamilton – The Man with a Plan! (a 3 -part plan) 1. The U. S. government would agree to pay all federal AND state debts. 2. The U. S. government would charter a national bank for depositing government funds. 3. The government would impose a high tax on imported goods.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office 1. PAYING THE DEBT Hamilton wanted to prove that

8. 1 Washington Takes Office 1. PAYING THE DEBT Hamilton wanted to prove that the U. S. would honor its debts in full so people would be willing to invest in the future. Southern states were upset about the plan for the federal government to pay back state debts; several of them had paid back their debts on their own and thought other states should do the same. Congress debated the issue for 6 months, with South finally conceding Hamilton’s plan to pay off state debts, in return for the federal government building it’s new capital city in the South.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office 2. A NATIONAL BANK A privately owned bank of

8. 1 Washington Takes Office 2. A NATIONAL BANK A privately owned bank of the U. S. , where government funds could be deposited. The bank would be able to issue paper money – national currency. DEBATE b/w Jefferson and Hamilton

2. A NATIONAL BANK Jefferson VS. Hamilton Madison

2. A NATIONAL BANK Jefferson VS. Hamilton Madison

8. 1 Washington Takes Office 3. A HIGH TARIFF – tax on imported goods

8. 1 Washington Takes Office 3. A HIGH TARIFF – tax on imported goods Benefits Raise $$$ for government Protect U. S. manufacturers from foreign competition Drawbacks Would benefit the North, where most industries were located, while making southerners pay more for imported goods.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1791 – Congress imposed a tax

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1791 – Congress imposed a tax on all whiskey made and sold in U. S. Hamilton hoped tax would raise funds for Treasury Led to rebellion

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION Backcountry farmers made extra $$$ by

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION Backcountry farmers made extra $$$ by turning corn into whiskey. These farmers compared the Whiskey Tax to the taxes Britain had imposed on the colonies. They protested and refused to pay.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1794 – officials in western Pennsylvania

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1794 – officials in western Pennsylvania tried to collect tax. Farmers rebelled, burning down home of tax collector. Angry mob marched through Pittsburg = WHISKEY REBELLION

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION Washington had quick response – sending

8. 1 Washington Takes Office THE WHISKEY REBELLION Washington had quick response – sending militia to Pennsylvania. Rebels scattered when they heard 13, 000 troops were coming. Washington later pardoned the leaders of the rebellion.

8. 1 Washington Takes Office EFFECTS of THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1. Tested the will

8. 1 Washington Takes Office EFFECTS of THE WHISKEY REBELLION 1. Tested the will of the new government. 2. Showed Americans that armed rebellion was not acceptable in a republic. 3. Established the government’s right to tax!

The Founding Fathers on Political Parties There is nothing which I dread so much

The Founding Fathers on Political Parties There is nothing which I dread so much as a division of the republic into two great parties, each arranged under its leader, and concerting measures in opposition to each other. This, in my humble apprehension, is to be dreaded as the greatest political evil under our Constitution. JOHN ADAMS, letter to Jonathan Jackson, October 2, 1789 If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all. THOMAS JEFFERSON, letter to Francis Hopkinson, March 13, 1789 https: //founders. archives. gov/docu ments/Jefferson/01 -14 -02 -0402

Much indeed to be regretted, party disputes are now carried to such a length,

Much indeed to be regretted, party disputes are now carried to such a length, and truth is so enveloped in mist and false representation, that it is extremely difficult to know through what channel to seek it. This difficulty to one, who is of no party, and whose sole wish is to pursue with undeviating steps a path which would lead this country to respectability, wealth, and happiness, is exceedingly to be lamented. But such, for wise purposes, it is presumed, is the turbulence of human passions in party disputes, when victory more than truth is the palm contended for. GEORGE WASHINGTON, letter to Timothy Pickering, July 27, 1795 I was no party man myself, and the first wish of my heart was, if parties did exist, to reconcile them. GEORGE WASHINGTON, letter to Thomas Jefferson, July 6, 1796 CGPGrey You. Tube – Voting Animal Kingdom https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=s 7 t. WHJfhiyo&list=PL 7679 C 7 ACE 93 A 5638

Party leads to vicious, corrupt and unprofitable legislation, for the sole purpose of defeating

Party leads to vicious, corrupt and unprofitable legislation, for the sole purpose of defeating party. JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, The American Democrat Political language -- and with variations this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists -- is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. GEORGE ORWELL, Politics and the English Language In truth I care little about any party's politics--the man behind it is the important thing. MARK TWAIN, letter to W. D. Howells, September 14, 1876 The bosses of the Democratic party and the bosses of the Republican party alike have a closer grip than ever before on the party machines in the States and in the Nation. This crooked control of both the old parties by the beneficiaries of political and business privilege renders it hopeless to expect any far-reaching and fundamental service from either. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, The Outlook, July 27, 1912 I don't like either political party. One should not belong to them -- one should be an individual, standing in the middle. Anyone that belongs to a party stops thinking. RAY BRADBURY, attributed, Independent Politics: How American Disdain for Parties Leads to Political Inaction

8. 2 The Birth of Political Parties The founding Fathers did not want/expect political

8. 2 The Birth of Political Parties The founding Fathers did not want/expect political parties to develop in the U. S. They believed leaders should work together for the good of the country, rather than for political party interests. They called political parties factions!

By the early 1790 s, two political parties were beginning to form.

By the early 1790 s, two political parties were beginning to form.

8. 3 Troubles at Home and Abroad Treaty of Paris, ending Revolutionary War, gave

8. 3 Troubles at Home and Abroad Treaty of Paris, ending Revolutionary War, gave US all territory NW of Ohio River to the Mississippi. GB still had forts in region, but promised to withdraw w/in “reasonable” amount of time. Decade later, British forts still there and were supplying Native Americans w/ammunition in hopes of limiting American settlement in the region.

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory During the 1780 s, Natives attacked many

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory During the 1780 s, Natives attacked many American settlements in opposition to expansion into their territory. American leaders felt the country’s future depended on settling the western lands. Federal government tried to force Natives to sell land. By 1790, even though U. S. had bought Native lands in most of KY and part of TN, Natives north of Ohio River refused to sell.

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory Little Turtle In 1790, Washington sent small

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory Little Turtle In 1790, Washington sent small force to end Native attacks on settlers. Warriors led by Little Turtle of the Miami Nation and Blue Jacket of the Shawnees defeated Washington’s soldiers. Blue Jacket

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory A year later (1791), Washington sent a

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory A year later (1791), Washington sent a larger force. Little Turtle gained a bigger victory! More than 900 soldiers killed/wounded Worst defeat army would ever suffer in battle with Native Americans

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory Washington sent Revolutionary War hero General Anthony

8. 3 Conflicts in the Northwest Territory Washington sent Revolutionary War hero General Anthony Wayne to lead the forces against Natives. August 1794, Wayne won major victory at Battle of Fallen Timbers, breaking Native hold on the Northwest. 1795 Treaty of Greenville – leaders of defeated Native tribes conceded most of their lands from Ohio River to Lake Erie (present day Ohio)

8. 3 The French Revolution See page 296 of text Originally, most Americans supported

8. 3 The French Revolution See page 296 of text Originally, most Americans supported French Revolution, as saw France following in U. S. footsteps. Controversy began when the FR became more violent. 1793 Reign of Terror – French revolutionaries executed 17, 000 people including the king and queen

8. 3 The French Revolution Federalist FR = Bloodthirsty Monster Republicans FR = a

8. 3 The French Revolution Federalist FR = Bloodthirsty Monster Republicans FR = a fight for oppressed people to win freedom

8. 3 Anglo-French War Early 1793, France & GB at war! Washington’s Policy –

8. 3 Anglo-French War Early 1793, France & GB at war! Washington’s Policy – U. S. would remain neutral – not favoring either side U. S. wanted to continue trade with both sides Both sides afraid trade with U. S. would benefit the other more – so both started stopping U. S. ships and seizing cargo

8. 3 Anglo-French War Britain – impressment of sailors on American ships, forcing them

8. 3 Anglo-French War Britain – impressment of sailors on American ships, forcing them to serve in British navy. Hamilton urged Washington to stay friendly with GB GB purchased 75% of U. S. exports GB supplied 90% of U. S. imports

8. 3 Anglo-French War Washington sent John Jay to try to repair relations with

8. 3 Anglo-French War Washington sent John Jay to try to repair relations with GB. Why do you think he sent Jay instead of Jefferson? Jay returned w/Treaty of 1795 US agreed to $ outstanding debts to British merchants GB agreed to $ for ships it had seized GB agreed to w/draw troops from NW Territory & stop aiding Natives GB refused to recognize U. S. right to trade w/France GB refused to cease (stop) impressment of U. S. sailors

8. 3 Anglo-French War Federalist Happy w/Treaty – it kept peace with GB! Republicans

8. 3 Anglo-French War Federalist Happy w/Treaty – it kept peace with GB! Republicans Hated Treaty – gave away too much for too little Since Federalist controlled Senate – Jay Treaty won!

8. 3 Washington’s Farewell Address 1796, Washington published a “goodbye” letter to the American

8. 3 Washington’s Farewell Address 1796, Washington published a “goodbye” letter to the American people Two major points in his address: 1. Warning against political divisions that would destroy the nation 2. Warning against US involvement in European affairs http: //gwpapers. virginia. edu/documents_gw/farewell/transcript. htm l

8. 3 Washington Retires from Public Life Four major accomplishments of his Administration: 1.

8. 3 Washington Retires from Public Life Four major accomplishments of his Administration: 1. The US had a functioning federal government 2. Economy was improving 3. No war 4. British troops were out of NW Territory & it was open for settlement

8. 2 The Election of 1796 Washington decided not to seek a 3 rd

8. 2 The Election of 1796 Washington decided not to seek a 3 rd term Important precedent – not until FDR won a 3 rd term in 1940 would any president seek more than 2 terms. 22 nd Amendment (1951) legally limited Presidency to 2 terms

8. 2 The Election of 1796

8. 2 The Election of 1796

Each party named 2 presidential candidates, for under the original Constitution, each member of

Each party named 2 presidential candidates, for under the original Constitution, each member of the electoral college was to cast 2 ballots for President. The winner of the presidential election was the individual who received the largest majority of votes. The person receiving the second largest number of votes, whether or not it was a majority, was to be the Vice-President. In the event that no candidate received a majority of votes, or that two candidates tied with a majority of votes, the House of Representatives was to decide the election, with each state, regardless of size, having a single vote.

8. 2 The Election of 1796 Adams won the election, becoming the 2 nd

8. 2 The Election of 1796 Adams won the election, becoming the 2 nd U. S. President Jefferson had the 2 nd highest amount of votes Federalist President + Republican VP = AWKWARD!

8. 4 The Presidency of John Adams Crisis over relations w/France angered by US

8. 4 The Presidency of John Adams Crisis over relations w/France angered by US policy of neutrality. French assistance was key factor in American Revolution! Jay Treaty gave appearance that US supported Britain Late 1796, France snubbed US diplomat & continued attacking US merchant ships

8. 4 The XYZ Affair In the late 1700 s, the French government, was

8. 4 The XYZ Affair In the late 1700 s, the French government, was having problems financing its European wars. In 1796 French leaders issued an order allowing for the seizure of American merchant ships, carefully timed to catch as many as possible by surprise. President Adams sent three U. S. ambassadors to restore harmony between the US & France. https: //history. state. gov/milestones/1784 -1800/xyz Elbridge Gerry Charles Cotesworth Pinckney John Marshall

8. 4 The XYZ Affair X Y Upon arriving in France, Gerry, Pinckney and

8. 4 The XYZ Affair X Y Upon arriving in France, Gerry, Pinckney and Marshall were unable to formally meet with the Foreign Minister, Marquis de Talleyrand. The U. S. envoys were instead approached by several intermediaries, Nicholas Hubbard (later W, ) Jean Hottinguer (X), Pierre Bellamy (Y), & Lucien Hauteval (Z. ) Also involved with these negotiations was the playwright Pierre Beaumarchais, who had been involved in funneling French aid to the United States during the American Revolution.

8. 4 The XYZ Affair Talleyrand The French agents said Talleyrand would be willing

8. 4 The XYZ Affair Talleyrand The French agents said Talleyrand would be willing to meet with the Americans and come to an agreement if several conditions were satisfied: 1. U. S. provide France with a low-interest loan 2. U. S. assume & pay American merchant claims against the French 3. U. S. pay a substantial bribe to Talleyrand ($250, 000).

8. 4 War Fever ∙ Talleyrand was trying to cause a delay. He planned

8. 4 War Fever ∙ Talleyrand was trying to cause a delay. He planned to end attacks on U. S. merchant shipping, but first wanted to increase his personal wealth, strengthen his political position within his own government, and ensure that he would deal only with Elbridge Gerry, the American commissioner who seemed most friendly to French interests. ∙ However, as French military victories increased their power, they changed the loan terms and threatened an invasion of the U. S. if America did not give in. When the U. S. envoys were unwilling to accept French demands, Talleyrand eventually met with them, dropping most of his requirements, but he didn’t agree to end the seizures of U. S. ships. ∙ Pinckney and Marshall prepared to leave France, while Gerry stayed in hopes of averting a war.

8. 4 War Fever ∙ In the meantime, the envoys’ dispatches reached the U.

8. 4 War Fever ∙ In the meantime, the envoys’ dispatches reached the U. S. ∙ President Adams prepared for war, asking Congress to up the size of the army and rebuild the navy. ∙ Pro-war Federalists pushed Congress to support him. Congress approved. ∙ Leading Republicans demanded that Adams publicly release the diplomatic correspondence describing the negotiations in France. ∙ Adams, released the correspondence, but replaced the names of the French intermediaries with the letters W, X, Y, and Z.

8. 4 War Fever ∙ Adams continued preparations for war, but didn’t openly declare

8. 4 War Fever ∙ Adams continued preparations for war, but didn’t openly declare war. ∙ Talleyrand, attempted to restore relations with U. S. , and Congress approved a commission to negotiate an agreement with France. ∙ In the meantime, between 1798 and 1800, the U. S. fought an undeclared naval war with France. FUN FACT: Congress also passed the Logan Act in response to the visit of a pacifist Quaker, George Logan, who conducted negotiations with Talleyrand as a private citizen and returned to the United States announcing Talleyrand’s peaceful intentions. The Logan Act criminalized unauthorized diplomatic negotiations.

Napoleon Bonaparte 8. 4 War Fever ∙ Peace negotiations proceeded in France. ∙ Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte 8. 4 War Fever ∙ Peace negotiations proceeded in France. ∙ Napoleon Bonaparte (French dictator) had come to power, and was seeking to take back Louisiana from Spain. ∙ Britain delighted in the anti-French uproar in the U. S. and moved to assist America against revolutionary France. ∙ President Adams wanted to avoid a major war, confident that if France had wanted war it would have responded to U. S. attacks on French ships. ∙ Talleyrand feared that limited hostilities with the U. S. might escalate into a full-scale war and said he’d accept a new American diplomatic representative. ∙ Adams sent a commission of three. https: //history. state. gov/milestones/1784 -1800/xyz

8. 4 War Fever ∙ This resulted in the Convention of 1800. ∙ Napoleon

8. 4 War Fever ∙ This resulted in the Convention of 1800. ∙ Napoleon agreed to stop seizing American ships ∙ Adams avoided war but angered his own Federalists party, weakening him politically ∙ He didn’t care! He was satisfied.

8. 4 Alien & Sedition Acts Federalists’ fear of Revolutionary France spilled over into

8. 4 Alien & Sedition Acts Federalists’ fear of Revolutionary France spilled over into mistrust of immigrants. Federalists controlled Congress passed the Alien Act (1798) aimed at immigrants. Congress passed the Sedition Act (1798) aimed at Republicans

Alien outsider; someone from another country.

Alien outsider; someone from another country.

8. 4 Sedition Act Sedition = activity designed to overthrow the government. Made it

8. 4 Sedition Act Sedition = activity designed to overthrow the government. Made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything insulting or anything false about the President, Congress, or the government in general. Probably the harshest law limiting free speech ever passed in the U. S.

8. 4 Sedition Act Republicans condemned the Alien & Sedition Acts. Claimed the Sedition

8. 4 Sedition Act Republicans condemned the Alien & Sedition Acts. Claimed the Sedition Acts violated the Constitution (1 st Amendment).

8. 4 States’ Rights It hadn’t yet been established that the Supreme Court could

8. 4 States’ Rights It hadn’t yet been established that the Supreme Court could declare Legislative acts as unconstitutional. So, Republicans went to STATE Legislatures. Madison & Jefferson led the campaign.

8. 4 States’ Rights Madison = Virginia Resolution Jefferson = Kentucky Resolution Both resolutions

8. 4 States’ Rights Madison = Virginia Resolution Jefferson = Kentucky Resolution Both resolutions state that the Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. They also declared that the states had the right to declare acts of Congress as unconstitutional.

8. 4 States’ Rights Virginia/Kentucky Resolutions No other states supported VA and KY, so

8. 4 States’ Rights Virginia/Kentucky Resolutions No other states supported VA and KY, so there was not much immediate impact. The resolutions had significant LONG TERM effects, however… States could nullify (deprive of legal force) a law passed by Congress Boosted States’ rights – the idea that states can overrule federal law