Chapter 8 Joints Objectives 1 Know the basic

Chapter 8: Joints Objectives: 1) Know the basic types of movement 2) Know the basic disorders that affect the joints Reminders: Quiz Monday

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints • Flexion/Extension – movement in anterior/posterior plane • flexion reduces the angle • extension increases the angle • in the anatomical position, all major joints (except ankle) are at full extension. • extension past the anatomical position is called hyperextension • example is bending your neck backwards to look at the sky

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints • Abduction/Adduction – angular movement in frontal plane • abduction moves away from the longitudinal axis of the body • adduction moving towards the longitudinal axis of the body

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints • Circumduction – angular motion, without rotation

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints • Rotation – Left or right rotation – Medial rotation (inward rotation) • rotates toward axis – Lateral rotation (outward rotation) • rotates away from axis

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints • Rotation of the forearm – Pronation: • rotates forearm, radius over ulna – Supination: • forearm in anatomical position

Special Movements • Inversion/Eversion – twisting motion of the foot that turns sole inward (inversion) or outward (eversion)

Special Movements • Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion – flexion at ankle joint • dorsiflexion elevates sole • plantar flexion elevates heel NOTE: it is acceptable to use the terms flexion and extension for these movements of the ankle.

Special Movements • Opposition – thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping) • only primates and a few other species have opposable thumbs • humans can move their thumbs farther across their hand than any other primate

Special Movements • Protraction – moves anteriorly – in the horizontal plane (pushing forward) • Retraction – opposite of protraction – moving anteriorly (pulling back)

Special Movements • Elevation – moves in superior direction (up) • Depression – moves in inferior direction (down) shoulder shrug

Special Movements • Lateral Flexion – bends vertebral column from side to side

Sprains • The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn • Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves • Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair Strains • The muscles or tendons are stretched or torn • Healing generally better than with a sprain, however it depends on the location of the strain with relationship of the joint

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions • Bursitis – An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction – Symptoms are pain and swelling – Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated • Tendonitis – Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse – Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis

Arthritis • There are more than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints • Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and joint swelling • Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics • Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) • Most common chronic arthritis – aka “wear-and-tear” arthritis – aka degenerative joint disease (DJD) • affects women more than men • affects older population – as one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced – results in bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement • Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) • Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease • Typical onset between the ages of 40 to 50 • Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems

Gouty Arthritis (Gout) • Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response • More common in men • Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe • In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint • Treatment – colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids