CHAPTER 8 Infancy and Childhood LESSONS 8 1

CHAPTER 8 Infancy and Childhood LESSONS 8. 1 Physical Development 8. 2 Social Development 8. 3 Cognitive Development PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 1

LESSON 8. 1 Physical Development OBJECTIVES l Identify and distinguish the three stages of prenatal development. l Describe brain and body development and classify reflexes of the newborn. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter Slide 2

Development l Development is the systematic physical, cognitive, and social changes in the individual occurring between conception and death. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 3

Prenatal Development l Prenatal development is the many changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn baby. l Three stages of prenatal development l Germinal stage l Embryonic stage l Fetal stage PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 4

Germinal Stage l The zygote is a fertilized human egg during the first two weeks following conception. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 5

Embryonic Stage l An embryo is a developing human organism from the third week after fertilization through the eighth week. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 6

Fetal Stage l A fetus is the developing human organism from about nine weeks after fertilization to birth. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 7

Fetal Stage Concerns l Malnutrition l Affects of drugs and alcohol l Fetal alcohol syndrome is physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that result when pregnant women consume large quantities of alcohol. l Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 8

Brain and Body Development l Brain development l Physical growth and motor development l Reflexes PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 9

Figure 8 -1 Neural Network Growth During Infancy PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 10

Figure 8 -2 Motor Development PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 11

Reflexes l A reflex is an automatic body response to a stimulus that is involuntary. l Survival reflexes l Primitive reflexes PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 12

Reflexes of the Newborn Baby Survival Reflexes l Breathing reflex l Eye-blink reflex l Pupillary reflex l Rooting reflex l Sucking reflex l Swallowing reflex Primitive Reflexes l Babinski reflex l Grasping reflex l Moro or “startle” reflex l Swimming reflex l Stepping reflex PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 13

LESSON 8. 2 Social Development OBJECTIVES l Analyze attachment. l Discuss self-awareness and self-concept development. l Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. PSYCHOLOGY © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience Chapter Slide 14

Attachment l Attachment is the strong emotional bond young children form with their parents or primary caregivers. l The development of attachment l Secure and insecure attachment styles PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 15

Figure 8 -3 Possible Causes of Children’s Attachment Style PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 16

Self-Awareness and Self-Concept Development l Self-concept is the “theory” or “story” that you construct about yourself through your life experiences and interactions with others. l Socialization is the process of learning about yourself and your culture and how to live within it. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 17

Self-Awareness l Self-awareness is a state of mind where you think about yourself. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 18

Parental and Cultural Influences on Self-Concept l Self-esteem is the evaluation of your self-concept as being good, bad, or mediocre. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 19

Parenting Styles l Authoritative parents are parents who set rules for proper conduct for their children, consistently enforce those rules, yet allow their children a fair amount of freedom. l Permissive parents are parents who allow their children to set their own rules, make few demands, and submit to their children’s desires. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 20

Cultural Differences in Individualism and Collectivism l Emphasizes obedience and knowing your proper place l Individualism l Encourages independence and self-reliance PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 21

Gender Socialization l Gender refers to the meaning that a society and the people within it attach to being female and male. l Gender identity is the knowledge that you are a male or a female and the internalization of this fact into your selfconcept. l Gender expectations PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 22

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development l Erikson (1902– 1994) l Eight identifiable stages l Crisis or conflict for each stage PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 23

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Identity Stage Crisis Infancy (birth– 1 year) Trust vs. mistrust Toddlerhood (1– 2 years) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Preschooler (3– 5 years) Initiative vs. guilt Elementary school (6– 12 years) Competence vs. inferiority Adolescence (13– 18 years) Identity vs. role confusion Young adulthood (19– 45 years) Intimacy vs. isolation Middle adulthood (46– 65 years) Generativity vs. stagnation Late adulthood (66 years and up) Integrity vs. despair PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 24

LESSON 8. 3 Cognitive Development OBJECTIVES l Explain cognitive development and differentiate between assimilation and accommodation. l Discuss the first four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory. PSYCHOLOGY © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience Chapter Slide 25

Cognition l Cognition is the mental activity of knowing and the process by which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 26

Cognitive Development l Jean Piaget (1896– 1980) l A schema is an organized cluster of knowledge that you use to understand interpret information. l Assimilation is the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas. l Accommodation is the process of changing existing schemas in order to absorb new information. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 27

Stages of Cognitive Development l Sensorimotor stage l Preoperational stage l Concrete operational stage l Formal operational stage PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 28

Table 8 -3 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth– 2 years Sensorimotor—Experiencing the world ● Object through actions (grasping, looking, permanence touching, and sucking) ● Stranger anxiety 2– 6 years Preoperational—Representing things with words and images but no logical reasoning ● Pretend play ● Egocentrism ● Language 7– 11 years Concrete operational—Thinking logically about concrete events; understanding concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations ● Conservation ● Mathematical transformations 11 years– adulthood Formal operational—Using abstract reasoning ● Abstract logic PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 29

Sensorimotor Stage l Infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions. l Object permanence is the realization that an object continues to exist even if you can’t see it or touch it. l Representational thought is the ability to picture (or represent) something in your mind, even when it is not physically present. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 30

Preoperational Stage l Children think in terms of language and begin to engage in make-believe play. l Egocentrism is the tendency to view the world from your own perspective without recognizing that others may have different viewpoints. l Conservation is the understanding that certain physical properties of an object remain unchanged despite changes in it appearance. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 31

Figure 8 -4 The Three-Mountains Problem PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 32

Figure 8 -5 Conservation of Liquid, Mass, and Number PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 33

Concrete Operational Stage l Children perform mental operations and begin logical reasoning. l Children’s thinking and use of logic are limited to concrete reality, not abstract or hypothetical concepts. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 34

Formal Operational Stage l Children reason abstractly and make predictions about hypothetical situations. l Problem solving involves systemic and reflective strategies. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 35

Refinements in Piaget’s Theory l Children are more cognitively advanced and adults are less cognitively complex than Piaget’s theory suggests. l Theory of mind is the commonsense knowledge about other people’s thoughts and feelings that allow you to understand predict their behavior. l Social and environmental factors have a greater influence on cognitive development than Piaget thought. PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 36

Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 1. Which refers to a developing human organism from the third week after fertilization through the eighth week? a. fetus b. embryo c. gene-cell d. zygote PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 37

Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 2. a. b. c. d. Which is a survival reflex? breathing startle Babinski grasping PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 38

Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 3. Which refers to knowing you are male or female? a. socialization b. self-awareness c. gender identity d. self-concept PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 39

Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 4. In which stage of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development does an individual meet the crisis of initiative versus guilt? a. infancy b. toddlerhood c. preschooler d. elementary school PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 40

Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 5. Object permanence marks the beginning of representational thought. a. True b. False PSYCHOLOGY A Discovery Experience © South-Western | Cengage Learning Chapter 41