Chapter 8 Grammar Note SH The Past Participle

Chapter 8 Grammar Note SH

The Past Participle • The past participle is a form of the verb. It is not a tense. One use of the past participle is with the auxiliary verb have or has to form the present perfect tense. • • Ex) -My mark has changed -I have failed He has been failed by the teacher.

Cases Base Form - Study Look Leave Understand Put Past Form - Studied - Looked - Left - Understood - Put Past Participle - Studied Looked Left Understood Put

Different from the past tense (irregular verbs) • Base Form - Become Come Run Blow Draw Fly - Swear Past Form - Became Came Ran Blew Drew Flew - Swore Past Participle - Become Come Run Blown Drawn Flown - Sworn

Different from the past tense (more irregular verbs see p. 370 -1) • Base Form - Tear Wear Break Choose Freeze Speak Past Form - Tore Wore Broke Chose Froze Spoke Past Participle - Torn Worn Broken Chosen Frozen Spoken

Different from the past tense • - Base Form Begin Drink Ring Arise Bite Drive Be Past Form - Began Drank Rang Arose Bit Drove was/were Past Participle - Begun Drunk Rung Arisen Bitten Driven Been

Differnet from the past tense • Base Form - Eat - Fall Past Form - Ate - Fell Miscellaneous Changes : Do Did Forget Forgot Get Go Went Past Participle - Eaten - Fallen Done Forgotten Gone

The Present Perfect Tense Subject Have/Has I You We They He She It There Past Participle Worked. Eaten. Have. Has have Forgotten. Left. Spoken. Understood. Known. Begun. Fallen. been a mistake. been some problems.

Word Order Wh- Word Have Subject Have Main Verb Complement Short Answer He He Has he has been hasn’t been in an AA group in an Na group. in the group for long? How long Have He Who has been in the group? Short Answer : Yes, he has* No, he hasn’t. Note*: Don’t use a contraction for a short yes answer

The Present Perfect We use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues to the present. He has been in the group since June. She has been in the group for four days. Now Past May has been Future

The Present Perfect Continuous • Subject Have/Has Been Verb-ing She I They Has Have Been Studying Working Running

Word Order – Present Perfect Continuous • Wh- Word Have Subject Have Been Verbing. Complement Short Answer • • • How long He hasn’t he Has he Have Who has • Short Answer : Yes, he has. been been Studying in School Studying in library Studying alone? Studying with her?

The Present Perfect with Repetition up to the Present • When we talk about the repetition of an action in a time period that includes the present, we can use the present perfect. The present perfect shows that the action can happen again in this time period because the time period is not finished. • Ex) I’ve written three E-mails today. (It is possible that I will write more mails today. )

The Present Perfect: Indefinite Past Time • We use the present perfect to refer to an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past that still has importance to the present situation. • Ex) Have you ever gone to an AA meeting? Yes, I have • (AA = Alcoholics Anonymous – they help people and families struggling with alcohol addiction)