Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem 8 1 The Abiotic

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem 8. 1 The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment Biotic components Abiotic components Producers p. H Consumers Temperature Light intensity Humidity Topography Micro-climate ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran Komponen biosis Komponen abiosis Pengeluar p. H Pengguna Suhu Keamatan cahaya Kelembapan Topografi Iklim mikro ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment Food Chain And Trophic Levels Food Chain (Producer) (Primary consumer) (Secondary consumer) (Tertiary consumer) Each stage in a food chain is known as trophic level ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran Rantai Makanan Dan Aras Trof Rantai Makanan (Pengeluar) (Pengguna pertama) (Pengguna kedua) (Pengguna ketiga) Setiap peringkat pada rantai makanan dikenali sebagai aras trof ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment Food Chain, Food Web And Trophic Levels Food Web ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran Rantai Makanan, Jaringan Makanan Dan Aras Trof Jaringan Makanan ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment The Interaction Between Biotic Components In Relation To Feeding Commensalism • Commensal benefits while other (host) neither derives any benefit. Mutualism Symbiosis • A relationship between two species in which both organisms benefit. Parasite • ITeach – Biology Form 4 A relationship between two organisms in which one organism (parasite) and other (host) is harmed.

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari Segi Pemakanan Komensalisme • Komensal mendapat faedah tetapi perumah tidak mendapat sebarang faedah Mutualisme Simbiosis • Kedua-dua faedah organisma mendapat Parasit • ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Parasit mendapat faedah manakala perumah mendapat kerugian.

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment The Interaction Between Biotic Components In Relation To Feeding Saprophytism ITeach – Biology Form 4 Living organisms feed organic matter food. on dead

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari Segi Pemakanan Saprofitisme ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Organisma hidup memakan bahan organik mati sebagai makanan.

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment The Interaction Between Biotic Components In Relation To Feeding Prey-predator Prey ITeach – Biology Form 4 Predator will hunt and kill prey for food Predator

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari Segi Pemakanan Mangsapemangsa Mangsa ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Pemangsa akan memburu dan membunuh mangsa untuk makanan Pemangsa

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Abiotic And Biotic Component Of The Environment The Interaction Between Biotic Components In Relation To Competition Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition Competition between same species Competition between different species Interaction among living organisms in a habitat and competing for the same, limited resouces ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Komponen Abiosis dan Biosis Dalam Persekitaran Interaksi Antara Komponen Biosis Dari Segi Persaingan Intraspesies Persaingan Interspesies Persaingan antara spesies yang sama Persaingan antara spesies yang berbeza Interaksi antara organisma hidup di dalam sebuah habitat dan bersaing untuk mendapatkan sumber yang sama dan terhad ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem 8. 2 Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem A community of organisms which interact with their non-living environment Habitat A natural environment where organism live Species Population Community A group of similar organisms and are capable of interbreeding among themselves to produce offspring A group of organism of same species living in same habitat Several populations of different species living in the same habitat in an ecosystem Niche ITeach – Biology Form 4 Role that an organism plays in an ecosystem

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Di Dalam Ekosistem Satu komuniti organisma yang berinteraksi dengan persekitaran bukan hidupnya Habitat Persekitaran semulajadi dimana organisma tinggal Spesies Populasi Sekumpulan organisma yang sama jenis dan mampu untuk saling membiak untuk menghasilkan anak Sekumpulan organisma dari spesies yang sama tinggal di habitat yang sama Nic ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Komuniti Beberapa populasi daripada spesies yang berlainan tinggal di satu habitat yang sama di dalam satu ekosistem Peranan suatu organisma dalam sesebuah ekosistem

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem Colonisation And Succession Bare Pioneer Successor Dominant species ground species Climax community Colonisation occurs in newly formed areas where no life previously existed Succession is when one community begin to change environment of new habitat and make it more suitable to other species. Climax community is a stable community which is equilibrium with its environment. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Di Dalam Ekosistem Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Tanah Spesies perintis Spesies sesaran Spesies dominan Komuniti klimaks Pengkolonian berlaku pada kawasan baru dimana tiada hidupan pernah wujud sebelumnya. Sesaran adalah apabila suatu komuniti mula untuk mengubah pesekitaran habitat baru dan menjadikannya lebih sesuai kepada spesies lain. Komuniti klimaks persekitaran. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 merupakan komuniti stabil yang seimbang dengan

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Colonisation And Succession In An Ecosystem Mangrove Swamps Bruguiera sp. zone • Adaptation: Have viviparous seedlings • Characters leaves: of 1. Hydathodes 2. Thick, fleshy leaves Waxy cuticles 3. ITeach – Biology Form 4 Rhizophora zone sp. • Prop / stilt roots help Rhizophora sp. to breath Aviciennia sp. and Sonneratia sp. zone • Can withstand salt water • Aviciennia sp. has viviparous seed Mud banks without any plants

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Pengkolonian Dan Sesaran Di Dalam Ekosistem Paya bakau Zon Bruguiera sp. • Adaptasi: Mempunyai biji benih viviparati • Ciri-ciri daun: 1. Hidatod 2. Daun tebal dan berisi Kutikel berlilin 3. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Zon Rhizophora sp. • Akar jangkang membantu Rhizophora sp. untuk bernafas Zon Aviciennia sp. dan Sonneratia sp. • Boleh tahan air masin • Aviciennia sp. mempunyai biji benih viviparati Tebing lumpur tanpa tumbuhan

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem 8. 3 Population Ecology ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Population Ecology Estimating The Population Size To estimate plant populations Can be used to determine frequency, density and percentage coverage. Quadrat Sampling Technique Frequency = Number of quadrats containing the sp. × 100 Number of quadrats Density = Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats Number of quadrats x quadrat area Percentage coverage = ITeach – Biology Form 4 Aerial coverage of all quadrats (m 2) × 100 Number of quadrats × quadrat area

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Ekologi Populasi Menganggar Saiz Populasi Untuk menganggar populasi tumbuhan. Digunakan untuk menentukan frekuensi, kepadatan dan peratus litupan. Teknik Persampelan Kuadrat Frekuensi = Bilangan kuadrat yang mengandungi sp. × 100 Bilangan kuadrat Kepadatan = Jum. bil. Individu spesies dalam semua kuadrat Jumlah kuadrat x luas kuadrat Peratus litupan = Jum. luas litupan spesies di semua kuadrat × 100 Bilangan kuadrat × luas kuadrat ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Population Ecology The Capture, Mark, Release And Recapture Technique • To estimate the population of mobile animals • The steps involves are: • i. A specific animal sample is captured, marked and then released ii. After a period of time, a second sample is captured and number of marked animal is recorded Population size = (Number of individuals in the first sample) × (Number of individuals in the second sample) Number of marked individual recaptured ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Ekologi Populasi Kaedah Tangkap-Tanda-Lepas dan Tangkap Semula • Untuk menganggar populasi haiwan bergerak. • Langkah-langkah yang terlibat adalah: • i. Haiwan yang dikehendaki ditangkap, ditanda dan dilepaskan. ii. Selepas beberapa ketika, sampel kedua ditangkap dan haiwan bertanda direkodkan. Saiz populasi = (Bilangan individual pada sampel pertama) × (Bilangan individual pada sampel kedua) Bilangan haiwan bertanda yang ditangkap ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem 8. 4 Biodiversity ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Biodiversity ü Biodiversity refers to the various species of organisms on earth Monera § Unicellular Protista § Classification Of Organisms Have nuclear membrane Fungi § Have chitin wall § Multicellular Plantae § Have chlorophyll § Multicellular Animalia § Multicellular ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Biokepelbagaian ü Biokepelbagaian merujuk kepada pelbagai spesies organisma di atas muka bumi Monera § Unisel Protista § Ada membran nuklear Pengelasan Organisma Fungi § Mempunyai dinding berkitin § Multisel Plantae § Mempunyai klorofil § Multisel Animalia § Multisel ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Biodiversity The Hierarchy In The Classification Of Organisms Animalia Chordata Mammalian Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens The hierarchy in the classification of human ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Kepelbagaian Hierarki Pengelasan Organisma Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens Hierarki Pengelasan Manusia ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Biodiversity The Methods Of Naming Organisms Linnaeus Binomial System The two names must be in Latin The genus and species name are written in italics or underlined separately The first name (genus) begins with a capital letter while the second name (species) begins with a small letter Examples: Artocarpus heterophyllus Garcinia mangostana Panthera pardus ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Biokepelbagaian Kaedah Penamaan Organisma Sistem Binomial Linnaeus Kedua-dua nama mesti dalam bahasa Latin Nama genus dan spesies ditulis dalam bentuk italik atau digaris berasingan Nama pertama (genus) dimulakan dengan huruf besar manakala nama kedua (spesies) dimula dengan huruf kecil Contoh: Artocarpus heterophyllus Garcinia mangostana Panthera pardus ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem 8. 5 The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life Virus - Microscopic microorganisms - All are parasites Microorganisms Bacteria Algae - Have chlorophyll and chloroplast - Have cellulose cell walls Protozoa - Unicellular organisms - Have peptidoglycan cell walls Fungi - Multicellular or unicellular - Have chitin walls ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Kesan Mikroorganisma Dalam Kehidupan Virus - Mikroorganisma mikroskopik - Kesemuanya parasit Mikroorganisma Bakteria Alga - Mempunyai klorofil dan kloroplas - Dinding sel berselulosa Protozoa - Unisel - Organisma unisel - Mempunyai dinding sel peptidoglikan - Dinding sel peptidoglikan Kulat - Multisel atau unisel - Berdinding kitin ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life Nitrogen Cycle Reservoir of nitrogen in atmosphere, N 2 Lightening, Volcanic Eruption Denitrifying bacteria Animal waste / plant matter Absorb by plants ITeach – Biology Form 4 Decomposed by decay bacteria NH 3 , NH 4 Nitrites, NO 2 Nitrates, NO 3 - Nitrogen fixing bacteria Fertilizers, NO 4+ NO 3 -

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Kesan Mikroorganisma Dalam Hidupan| Kitar Nitrogen Takungan nitrogen dalam atmosfera, N 2 Kilat, letusan gunung berapi Bakteria pendenitritan Bahan buangan haiwan / jirim tumbuhan Diuraikan oleh bakteria pereputan NH 3 , NH 4 Nitrit, NO 2 Diserap oleh tumbuhan ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Nitrat, NO 3 - Bakteria pengikat nitrogen Baja, NO 4+ NO 3 -

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem The Impact of Microorganisms Of Life Transmission Of Diseases Through unclean food and contaminated water Contagious disease Types Of Transmission Of Disease Vector Methods of Controlling Pathogens • Vaccines ITeach – Biology Form 4 • Disinfectants • Antiseptic • Antibiotic Droplet transmission Airborne transmission

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Kesan Mikroorganisma Dalam Hidupan| Pemindahan Penyakit Melalui makanan yang kotor dan air tercemar Penyakit berjangkit Pemindahan melalui titisan Jenis Pemindahan Penyakit Vektor Kaedah Mengawal Patogen ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 • Vaksin • Disinfektan • Antiseptik • Antibiotik Pemindahan melalui udara

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem 8. 6 Appreciating Biodiversity ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 8 Dynamic Ecosystem Appreciating Biodiversity Discourage people from buying things that are made from animal part like snake skin Laws reinforcement Activities that can be carried out to conserve and preserve the biodiversity Educate people on the importance of preservation and conservation ITeach – Biology Form 4 Designate certain forests as national parks such as Taman Negara

Bab 8 Ekosistem Dinamik Menghargai Biokepelbagaian Tidak menggalakkan orang ramai daripada membeli daripada barangankulit daripada kulit binatang Penguatkuasaan undang-undang- Aktiviti Yang Boleh Dilakukan Untuk Memelihara& Memulihara Biokepelbagaian Mendidik orang ramai akan kepentingan memelihara dan memulihara ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Mewartakan hutan tertentu sebagai kawasan perlindungan seperti Taman Negara

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