Chapter 8 Digestive System EhrlichSchroederEhrlichSchroeder Medical Terminology for

Chapter 8 Digestive System Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Related Combining Forms Structure Related Combining Forms Mouth or/o, stomat/o Pharynx pharyng/o Esophagus esophag/o Stomach gastr/o Small intestine enter/o Large intestine col/o, colon/o Rectum and anus an/o, proct/o, rect/o Liver hepat/o Gallbladder cholecyst/o Pancreas pancreat/o Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Structures of Digestive System (1 of 2) • Gastrointestinal tract o (gastr/o: stomach; intestin: intestine) • Upper GI tract o Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach • Lower GI tract o Small and large intestines, rectum, anus • Accessory organs o Liver, gallbladder, pancreas Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Structures of Digestive System (2 of 2) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Oral Cavity (1 of 2) • Also known as the mouth • Major structures o Lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, periodontium • Lips o Surround the opening to oral cavity o Play a role in eating, breathing, speaking, and expression of emotions Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Oral Cavity (2 of 2) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Palate • Hard palate o Anterior portion of the palate; covered with specialized mucous membrane • Soft palate o Flexible posterior portion of the palate; closes off nasal passage during swallowing preventing upward movement of food/liquid • Uvula o Plays role in swallowing, snoring, and speech Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tongue • • • Very strong, flexible, and muscular in nature Important in chewing, speaking, and swallowing Upper surface: dorsum; contains taste buds Sublingual surface: under the tongue Lingual frenum: attaches tongue to the floor of the mouth Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Soft Tissues of Oral Cavity (1 of 2) • Periodontium o Surround, support, and attach to teeth • (peri-: surrounding; odonti: teeth; -um: noun ending) • Gingiva o Specialized mucous membrane covering bone of dental arches and surrounding neck of the teeth o Also known as Gum Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Soft Tissues of Oral Cavity (2 of 2) • Sulcus o Space between a tooth and surrounding gingiva o Infection can result from buildup of food debris and bacteria Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dental Arches • Bony structures of oral cavity • Maxillary arch o Upper jaw; does not move • Mandibular arch o Lower jaw; movable • Temporomandibular joint o Formed at the back of mouth where maxillary and mandibular arches come together Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Teeth (1 of 2) • Dentition o Natural teeth arranged in upper and lower jaws o Incisors and canines (cuspids) • Used for biting and tearing o Premolars (bicuspids) and molars • Used for chewing and grinding Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Teeth (2 of 2) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Primary and Permanent Dentition • Primary dentition o Deciduous dentition; baby teeth o 20 teeth o Erupt in early childhood • Permanent dentition o 32 teeth o 20 replace primary teeth; 12 erupt at the back of the mouth Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Structures and Tissues of Teeth (1 of 3) • Crown o Portion visible in the mouth o Covered with enamel–the hardest substance in the body • Roots o Hold teeth securely within the dental arch • Cervix o Neck of the tooth where crown and root meet Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Structures and Tissues of Teeth (2 of 3) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Structures and Tissues of Teeth (3 of 3) • Dentin o Bulk of a tooth • Pulp cavity o Within the crown and roots of a tooth • Pulp o Consists of rich supply of blood vessels and nerves providing nutrients and innervation to a tooth Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Saliva and Salivary Glands (1 of 3) • Saliva o Colorless liquid that maintains moisture in the mouth o Begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing o Contains amylase, the first step in chemical digestion Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Saliva and Salivary Glands (2 of 3) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Saliva and Salivary Glands (3 of 3) • Parotid glands o Located slightly in front of each ear • Sublingual glands o Located on floor of the mouth under the tongue • Submandibular glands o Located on floor of the mouth near the mandible Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pharynx • Common passageway for respiration and digestion • Important role in deglutition (swallowing) • Epiglottis closes entrance to trachea to prevent food and liquid from moving from pharynx during swallowing Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Esophagus (1 of 5) • Muscular tube for the passage of ingested food from pharynx to stomach • Lower esophageal sphincter o Muscular ring between esophagus and stomach; relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach and contracts to prevent stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (1 of 9) • Consists of fundus (upper, rounded part), body (main portion), and antrum (lower part) • Rugae o Folds in mucosa lining allowing the stomach to increase and decrease in size • Gastric juices o Enzymes and hydrochloric acid that aid in food digestion Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (2 of 9) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (3 of 9) • Pyloric sphincter o Ring-like muscle at base of stomach controlling flow of partially digested food from stomach to the duodenum • Pylorus o Narrow passage connecting stomach with the small intestine Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Small Intestine • Extends from pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine • Three sections o Duodenum: first portion o Jejunum: middle portion o Ileum: longest portion Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Large Intestine (1 of 2) • Extends from end of small intestine to the anus • Site of preparation of waste products of digestion for excretion • Major parts of the large intestine o Cecum, colon, rectum, anus Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Large Intestine (2 of 2) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cecum • Lies on the right side of the abdomen • Ileocecal sphincter o Controls flow from ileum into cecum • Vermiform appendix o Appendix o Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum o Made up of lymphoid tissue Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Colon • Four parts o Ascending colon: travels upward from cecum to the undersurface of the liver o Transverse colon: lies horizontal across the abdominal cavity from right to left o Descending colon: travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity o Sigmoid colon: continues from descending colon and joins rectum Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Rectum and Anus (1 of 2) • Rectum o Widest division of large intestine; ends at anus • Anus o Lower opening of digestive tract o Internal and external anal sphincters control the flow of waste Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Accessory Digestive Organs (1 of 2) • Play role in digestive process, but are not the part of the G I tract • Liver o Largest organ in the body o Many functions, such as removing toxins from blood and turning food into fuel/nutrients o Bilirubin causes yellow–green color of bile o Bile secreted by liver and aids in fat digestion Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Accessory Digestive Organs (2 of 2) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Biliary Tree • Provides channels for transportation of bile from liver to small intestine Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Gallbladder (1 of 5) • Located under the liver • Stores and concentrates bile • Cholecystic: pertaining to the gallbladder Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pancreas • Located behind the stomach • Plays roles in digestive and endocrine system • Secretes pancreatic juices aid in digestion and sodium bicarbonate that aid in neutralization of stomach acids Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Digestion (1 of 2) • Process by which complex food is broken down into nutrients to be used by the body • Digestive enzymes o Responsible for chemical changes in food Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Digestion (2 of 2) • Nutrient o Substance necessary for normal functioning of the body o Primary (macronutrients) • Carbohydrates, fats, proteins o Essential micronutrients • Vitamins, minerals Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Metabolism • Chemical reactions involved in body's use of nutrients o (metabol: change) • Two parts o Anabolism • Builds up cells/substances by use of nutrients o Catabolism • Breaks down cells/substances releasing energy and carbon dioxide Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Absorption • Complete digestion of nutrients and their transportation to cells • Villi o Finger-like projections covering mucosa of small intestine • Lacteals o Lymphatic structures absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Role of Mouth, Salivary Glands, and Esophagus • Mastication o Chewing • Bolus o Mass of food ready to be swallowed • Peristalsis o Wave-like contractions moving food forward into the digestive system Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Role of Stomach • Continued breakdown of food by gastric juices and digestive enzymes • Chyme o Semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach through pyloric sphincter into the small intestine Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Role of Small Intestine • Duodenum o Site of mixing of chyme with pancreatic juice and bile • Jejunum o Continues process of digestion using large amounts of digestive enzymes • Ileum o Site of absorption of nutrients Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Role of Large Intestine (1 of 2) • Receives and stores waste products of digestion • Feces o Solid body wastes • Defecation o Bowel movement • Gut microflora o Bacteria in large intestine; fight infections Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Role of Large Intestine (2 of 2) • Borborygmus o Rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine • Flatulence (flatus) o Passage of gas out of the body through the rectum Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Medical Specialties Related to Digestive System (1 of 4) • Bariatrics o Branch of medicine related to prevention and control of obesity • Dentist o Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Medical Specialties Related to Digestive System (2 of 4) • Gastroenterologist o Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of stomach and intestines • (gastr/o: stomach; enter: small intestine) • Oral or maxillofacial surgeon o Specializes in surgery of face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, or repair injuries Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Medical Specialties Related to Digestive System (3 of 4) • Orthodontist o Specializes in prevention/correction of malocclusion of teeth and related facial structures • (orth: straight or normal; odont: teeth) • Periodontist o Specializes in prevention/treatment of disorders of tissue surrounding the teeth • (peri-: surrounding: odont: teeth; -ist: specialist) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Medical Specialties Related to Digestive System (4 of 4) • Proctologist o Specializes in disorders of colon, rectum, and anus • (proct: anus and rectum; -ologist: specialist) • Registered dietitian o Specialist in food and nutrition; counsels patients on improving dietary intake Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pathology of Digestive System • Tissues of the oral cavity o Aphthous ulcers • Gray–white pits with red border in soft tissues lining the mouth • Cheilosis o Crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth • (cheil: lips; -osis: abnormal condition or disease) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tissues of Oral Cavity (1 of 3) • Herpes labialis o Blister-like sores on lips and adjacent facial tissue o Caused by oral herpes simplex virus type 1 • Leukoplakia o White precancerous lesion developing on tongue and inside of the cheek • (leuk/o: white; -plakia: plaque) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tissues of Oral Cavity (2 of 3) • Stomatitis o Inflammation of mucosa of the mouth • (stomat: mouth or oral cavity) • Stomatomycosis o Disease of the mouth due to fungus • (stomat/o: mouth or oral cavity; myc: fungus) • Oral thrush o Due to Candida albicans Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tissues of Oral Cavity (3 of 3) • Trismus o Restriction of opening of the mouth o Caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation of oral cancer • Xerostomia o Lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by salivary glands • (xer/o: dry; stom: mouth or oral cavity; -ia: pertaining to) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate • Cleft lip o Deep groove of the lip upward to the nose as a result of portion of the lip failing to close during prenatal development • Cleft palate o Failure of palate to close during early development of the fetus • Cleft lip/palate may occur singly or together; corrected by surgery Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dental Diseases and Conditions (1 of 4) • Bruxism o Grinding/clenching of teeth • Dental caries o Infectious disease caused by bacterial destruction of enamel and dentin of the teeth • Dental plaque o Formed in sheltered areas near gums/teeth o Consists of bacteria and bacterial by-products Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dental Diseases and Conditions (2 of 4) • Edentulous o Without teeth • Halitosis o Unpleasant odor coming from the mouth • (halit: breath; -osis: abnormal condition or disease) • Malocclusion o Any deviation from normal position of upper teeth against lower teeth Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dental Diseases and Conditions (3 of 4) • Peridontal disease o Inflammation of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth • Dental calculus (tartar) o Hardened dental plaque • Gingivitis o Earliest state of periodontal disease and affects only the gums • (gingiv: gums) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dental Diseases and Conditions (4 of 4) • Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis o Due to abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth o Can lead to inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and death of gum tissues Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Esophagus (2 of 5) • Dysphagia o Difficulty in swallowing • Eosionophilic esophagitis o Chronic immune system disease in which eosinophils build up in the esophagus, usually as result of allergy to certain foods • (esophagi: esophagus; -itis: inflammation) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Esophagus (3 of 5) • Gastroesophageal reflux disease o Upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus • (gastr/o: stomach; esophag: esophagus; -eal: pertaining to) • Barrett’s esophagus o Occurs when chronic acid exposure causes damage of cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Esophagus (4 of 5) • Stricture o Abnormal narrowing of the esophagus due to scar tissue or other damage o May result in swallowing difficulties • Pyrosis o Burning sensation due to acid reflux • (pyr: fever or fire; -osis: abnormal condition or disease) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Esophagus (5 of 5) • Esophageal varices o Enlarged, swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus • Hiatal hernia o Portion of the stomach protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm • (hiat: opening; -al: pertaining to) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (4 of 9) • Gastritis o Inflammation of stomach lining o Often caused by Helibactor pylori • Gastroparesis • (gastr/o: stomach; -paresis: partial paralysis) o Improper functioning of stomach muscles preventing normal emptying of contents • Gastrorrhea (gastr/o: stomach; -rrhea: flow or discharge) o Excessive secretion of gastric juice/mucus Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Peptic Ulcers • Peptic (pept: digestion; -ic: pertaining to) • Gastric ulcers o Occur in the stomach • Duodenal ulcers o Occur in the upper part of the small intestine • Perforating ulcer o Erosion through entire thickness of organ wall o Complication of peptic ulcer Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nutritional Disorders (1 of 3) • Anorexia o Loss of appetite • Cachexia o Physical wasting away with loss of weight and muscle mass due to inability of body to properly absorb nutrients • Dehydration o Fluid loss exceeds fluid intake • (de-: removal; hydra: water; -tion: the process of) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nutritional Disorders (2 of 3) • Malnutrition o Lack of proper food/nutrients in body due to shortage of food, poor eating habits, or inability of body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients • (mal-: bad or poor) • Malabsorption o Inability of small intestine to absorb nutrients Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nutritional Disorders (3 of 3) • Obesity o Excessive accumulation of fat in the body o More than 20%– 30% over the established weight standards for height, age, and gender • Morbid obesity o Weighing two times or more than ideal weight o Body mass index (BMI) greater than 40 • BMI: body weight adjusted for height Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Indigestion and Vomiting (1 of 4) • Aerophagia o Excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking • (aer/o: air; -phagia: swallowing) • Dyspepsia o Indigestion • (dys-: painful; -pepsia: digestion) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Indigestion and Vomiting (2 of 4) • Emesis o Reflex ejection of the stomach contents • (emesis or -emesis: vomiting) • Eructation o Belching Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Indigestion and Vomiting (3 of 4) • Hematemesis o Vomiting of blood • (hemat: blood; -emisis: vomiting) • Hyperemesis o Extreme, persistent vomiting resulting in dehydration • (hyper-: excessive; -emesis: vomiting) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Indigestion and Vomiting (4 of 4) • Nausea o Urge to vomit • Regurgitation o Return of swallowed food into the mouth Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (1 of 11) • Celiac disease o Inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by severe reaction to food containing gluten o Damages villi of small intestine leading to malabsorption • Gluten intolerance o Digestive distress due to the response to gluten o Does not cause intestinal tissue damage Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (2 of 11) • Food allergy o Immune system reaction occurring after eating of certain foods • Lactose intolerance o Inability to digest dairy products o Due to absence of the enzyme lactase • Colorectal carcinoma o Colon cancer Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (3 of 11) • Polyp o Mushroom-like growth from the surface of the mucous membrane o May be benign or malignant • Diverticulosis o Chronic presence of abnormal number of diverticula o Often asymptomatic • (diverticul: diverticulum; -osis: abnormal condition or disease) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (4 of 11) • Diverticulum o Small pouch in the lining or wall of a tubular organ • Diverticulitis o Inflammation or infection of the diverticula • Enteritis o Inflammation of the small intestine o May be viral or bacterial • (enter: small intestine; -itis: inflammation) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (5 of 11) • Ischemic colitis o Deprivation of blood supply to the large intestine • Ileus o Partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine o Due to decrease in peristalsis o May occur temporarily after abdominal surgery (postoperative ileus) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (6 of 11) • Irritable bowel syndrome o Intermittent cramping and abdominal pain accompanied by constipation or diarrhea o Unknown cause • Inflammatory bowel diseases o General term for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in intestines o Most common are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (7 of 11) • Ulcerative colitis o Chronic, repeated episodes of inflammation in the innermost lining of the rectum and large intestine causing ulcers and irritation • (col: colon; -itis: inflammation) • Crohn’s disease o Chronic, autoimmune disorder occurring anywhere in the digestive tract o Permeates every layer of affected tissue Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (8 of 11) • Intestinal obstruction o Partial or complete blockage of small or large intestine o Adhesions join parts of the intestine which otherwise should be separated o Strangulating obstruction blocks blood flow to the intestine leading to gangrene or perforation Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (9 of 11) • Volvulus o Twisting of the intestine on itself • Intussusception o Telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of the adjacent part • (intussuscept: to take up or to receive within; -ion: condition) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (10 of 11) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestinal Disorders (11 of 11) • Inguinal hernia o Protrusion of loop of bowel through weak place in lower abdominal wall • (inguin: groin; -al: pertaining to) • Strangulated hernia o Constriction of portion of intestine inside hernia o Decreased blood supply causes ischemia in this tissue Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Infectious Diseases of Intestines (1 of 2) • Clostridium difficile o Bacterial infection typically occurs following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria o Common in hospitals or long-term care facilities o Prevention: infection control measures • Dysentery o Bacterial infection spreads through food/water contaminated with human feces Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Infectious Diseases of Intestines (2 of 2) • Escherichia coli (E. coli) o Transmitted through improper cooking of contaminated food • Salmonellosis o Transmitted by feces through direct contact with animals or eating contaminated foods, unpasteurized milk, and cheese products Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Anorectal Disorders (1 of 3) • Anal fissure o Crack-like sore in the skin of anus • Bowel incontinence o Inability to control the excretion of feces • Constipation o Difficulty in emptying the bowel due to hardened and dry feces Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Anorectal Disorders (2 of 3) • Diarrhea o Frequent flow of loose or watery stools • (dia-: through; -rrhea: flow or discharge) • Hemorrhoids o Cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues which slip near or through the anal opening Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Anorectal Disorders (3 of 3) • Rectocele o Bulging of front wall of rectum into vagina o May be the result of childbirth or pregnancy • (rect/o: rectum; -cele: hernia) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abnormal Stools (1 of 2) • Hematochezia o Flow of bright red blood in stool o Usually indicates bleeding from lower part of GI tract • Melena o Black, tarry, foul-smelling feces o Usually indicates bleeding in upper part of GI tract Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abnormal Stools (2 of 2) • Steatorrhea o Presence of excess fat in stool o Frothy, foul-smelling stool o Usually caused by pancreatic disease, removal of gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders • (steat/o: fat; -rrhea: flow or discharge) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Liver (1 of 5) • Ascites o Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity o May be the result of severe liver disease • Hepatomegaly o Abnormal enlargement of liver • (hepat/o: liver; -megaly: enlargement) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Liver (2 of 5) • Jaundice o Yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes, and eyes o Due to increased bilirubin in the blood • Hepatitis o Inflammation of liver o Usually caused by viral infection • (hepat: liver; -itis: inflammation) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Liver (3 of 5) • Cirrhosis o Chronic degenerative disease of liver o May be due to alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis B or C • (cirrh: yellow or orange; -osis: abnormal condition or disease) • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease o Accumulation of fat in liver of the people who drink small amount or no alcohol Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Liver (4 of 5) • Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis o Fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation o May progress to cirrhosis, irreversible liver scarring, or liver cancer Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Gallbladder (2 of 5) • Cholangitis o Acute inflammation of bile duct o Usually caused by bacterial infection • (cholang: bile duct; -itis: inflammation) • Cholecystitis o Inflammation of gallbladder o Often associated with gallstones • (cholecyst: gallbladder) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Gallbladder (3 of 5) • Gallstone o Hard deposit in gallbladder and bile ducts due to concretion of bile components • Cholelithiasis o Presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts • (chole: bile or gall; -lithiasis: presence of stones) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of Digestive System (1 of 4) • Abdominal computed tomography o Radiographic procedure showing cross-section of tissue structure within abdomen • Abdominal ultrasound o Noninvasive test using very-high-frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of Digestive System (2 of 4) • Cholangiography o Radiographic examination of bile ducts with the use of contrast medium • (cholangi/o: bile duct; -graphy: the process of recording) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of Digestive System (3 of 4) • Enema o Placement of solution into rectum/colon to empty the lower intestine • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy o Allows direct visualization of upper GI tract • (esophag/o: esophagus; gastr/o: stomach; duoden/o: duodenum; -scopy: visual examination) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of Digestive System (4 of 4) • Upper GI series and lower GI series o Radiographic studies to examine digestive system o Require contrast medium • Stool samples o Specimens of feces that are examined for content/characteristics Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Endoscopic Procedures • Require instrument for visual examination of internal structures • Anoscopy o Visual examination of anal canal/lower rectum • Capsule endoscopy o Use of tiny video camera that is swallowed by patient o Camera transmits images of small intestine; transmitted to data recorder worn by patient Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Screening for Colorectal Carcinoma (1 of 2) • Colonoscopy o Direct visual examination of inner surface of the entire colon from rectum to cecum • (colon/o: colon; -scopy: visual examination) • Sigmoidoscopy o Endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon • (sigmoid/o: sigmoid colon) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Screening for Colorectal Carcinoma (2 of 2) • Hemoccult® test o Laboratory test for hidden blood in stool • (hem: blood; -occult: hidden) • Cologuard® o Noninvasive stool test using DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment Procedures of Digestive System (1 of 4) • Antioxidants o Chemicals, such as vitamins, that may prevent or delay cell damage o Present in fruits, beans, berries, nuts, and dark chocolate • Probiotics o Living microorganisms that aid digestion and protection of body from harmful bacteria • (pro: supporting) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment Procedures of Digestive System (2 of 4) • Medications o Antacids • Neutralize acids in the stomach o Proton pump inhibitors • Decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment Procedures of Digestive System (3 of 4) • Medications o Antiemetic • Prevents or relieves nausea/vomiting • (anti-: against; emet: vomit; -ic: pertaining to) o Laxatives • Medications/foods that stimulate bowel movements Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment Procedures of Digestive System (4 of 4) • Medications o Intravenous fluids • Administered to combat dehydration • (intra-: within; ven/o: vein; -us: noun ending) o Oral rehydration therapy • Liquid preparation of electrolytes administered to counteract dehydration, especially in young children Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Oral Cavity and Esophagus (1 of 2) • Dental prophylaxis o Professional cleaning of teeth • Dental implant o Crown, bridge or denture that may or may not be anchored to the jaw • Root canal o Removal of diseased or damaged pulp Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Oral Cavity and Esophagus (2 of 2) • Gingivectomy o Surgical removal of the diseased gingival tissue • (gingiv: gingival tissue; -ectomy: surgical removal) • Palatoplasty o Surgical repair of cleft palate, or cleft lip • (palat/o: palate; -plasty: surgical repair) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (5 of 9) • Gastrectomy o Surgical removal of all or part of the stomach • (gastr: stomach; -ectomy: surgical removal) • Nasogastric intubation o Placement of feeding tube through nose into the stomach to provide nutrition • (nas/o: nose; gastr: stomach; -ic: pertaining to) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (6 of 9) • Gastrostomy tube o Surgically placed feeding tube from exterior of body directly into stomach to provide nutrition • (gastr: stomach; -ostomy: surgically creating an opening) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (7 of 9) • Total parenteral nutrition o Specialized intravenous solution administered to patients who cannot or should not get nutrition through eating • Bariatric surgery o Treats morbid obesity o Restricts amount of food entering the stomach for digestion Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (8 of 9) • Gastric bypass surgery o Stapling of a section of stomach to make a small pouch o Causes food to bypass first part of small intestine • Lap-band adjustable gastric banding o Places inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach restricting food intake Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stomach (9 of 9) • Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty o Suturing of stomach to make it a small tube, reducing its capacity o Endoscopic option for bariatric surgeries requiring general anesthesia Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestines (1 of 3) • Colectomy o Surgical removal of all or part of the colon • (col: colon; -ectomy: surgical removal) • Colotomy o Surgical incision into the colon • (col: colon; -otomy: surgical incision) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestines (2 of 3) • Diverticulectomy o Surgical removal of diverticulum • (diverticul: diverticulum; -ectomy: surgical removal) • Gastroduodenostomy o Anastomosis between upper portion of stomach and duodenum • (gastr/o: stomach; duoden: first part of the small intestine; -ostomy: surgically creating an opening) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intestines (3 of 3) • Anastomosis o Surgical connection between two hollow structures • Ileectomy o Surgical removal of the ileum • (ile: ileum; -ectomy: surgical removal) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ostomies • Ileostomy o Surgical creation of artificial excretory opening between ileum and outside of abdominal wall • (ile: small intestine) • Colostomy o Surgical creation of artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface o May be temporary or permanent Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Rectum and Anus (2 of 2) • Hemorrhoidectomy o Surgical removal of hemorrhoids • (hemorrhoid: hemorrhoid) • Proctopexy o Surgical fixation of prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue/organ • (proct/o: rectum; -pexy: surgical fixation) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Liver (5 of 5) • Hepatectomy o Surgical removal of all or part of the liver • (hepat: liver; -ectomy: surgical removal) • Liver transplant o Option for the patient whose liver is not functioning properly for a reason other than liver cancer Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Gallbladder (4 of 5) • Choledocholithotomy o Incision into common bile duct for the removal of gallstones • (choledoch/o: common bile duct; lith: stone; -otomy: surgical incision) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Gallbladder (5 of 5) • Cholecystectomy o Surgical removal of the gallbladder • (cholecyst: gallbladder; -ectomy: surgical removal) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.