Chapter 8 Classical Conditioning Learning relatively permanent change

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Chapter 8 Classical Conditioning

Chapter 8 Classical Conditioning

Learning § relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Learning § relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Association § We learn by association § Our minds naturally connect events that occur

Association § We learn by association § Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence § Aristotle 2000 years ago § John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago § Associative Learning § learning that two events occur together § two stimuli § a response and its consequences

Association Event 1 Event 2 § Learning to associate two events Sea snail associates

Association Event 1 Event 2 § Learning to associate two events Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning § We learn to associate two stimuli

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning § We learn to associate two stimuli

Operant Conditioning § We learn to associate a response and its consequence

Operant Conditioning § We learn to associate a response and its consequence

Classical Conditioning § Ivan Pavlov § 1849 -1936 § Russian physician/ neurophysiologist § Nobel

Classical Conditioning § Ivan Pavlov § 1849 -1936 § Russian physician/ neurophysiologist § Nobel Prize in 1904 § studied digestive secretions

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) During Conditioning Neutral

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) During Conditioning Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

Classical Conditioning § Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Classical Conditioning § Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Classical Conditioning § organism comes to associate two stimuli § a neutral stimulus that

Classical Conditioning § organism comes to associate two stimuli § a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Behaviorism § John B. Watson § viewed psychology as objective science § generally agreed-upon

Behaviorism § John B. Watson § viewed psychology as objective science § generally agreed-upon consensus today § recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes § not universally accepted by all schools of thought today

Classical Conditioning § Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) § stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response

Classical Conditioning § Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) § stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response § Unconditioned Response (UCR) § unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus § salivation when food is in the mouth

Classical Conditioning § Conditioned Stimulus (CS) § originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with

Classical Conditioning § Conditioned Stimulus (CS) § originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response § Conditioned Response (CR) § learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning § Acquisition § the initial stage in classical conditioning § the phase

Classical Conditioning § Acquisition § the initial stage in classical conditioning § the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response § in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Classical Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) CS (onion breath) UCR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss)

Classical Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) CS (onion breath) UCR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) CR (sexual arousal) UCR (sexual arousal)

Classical Conditioning § Extinction § diminishing of a CR § in classical conditioning, when

Classical Conditioning § Extinction § diminishing of a CR § in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS § in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR

Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (CS alone) Pause

Classical Conditioning § Spontaneous Recovery § reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished

Classical Conditioning § Spontaneous Recovery § reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR § Generalization § tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses

Classical Conditioning § Discrimination § in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between

Classical Conditioning § Discrimination § in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

Generalization Drops of saliva in 30 seconds 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Generalization Drops of saliva in 30 seconds 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hind paw Pelvis Thigh Shoulder Trunk Front paw Foreleg Part of body stimulated

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug)

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

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