Chapter 7 Understanding Students with Emotional or Behavioral

Chapter 7 Understanding Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e ISBN: 0135027012 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Objectives At the end of this chapter you should be able to: n n Identify and define the characteristics of students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Compare and contrast externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Describe the causes of emotional and behavioral disorders. Articulate services and instructional approaches for students with emotional or behavioral disorders. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 2 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Defining Emotional or Behavioral Disorders n IDEA Definition of Emotional Disturbance n n n Over a long time, to a marked degree, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance Accompanied by one or more of 5 characteristics Includes: schizophrenia, but does not apply to children who are socially maladjusted unless they also meet the other criteria for having an emotional disturbance. Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 3 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Defining Emotional or Behavioral Disorders n One or more of 5 characteristics n Inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors n Inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers or teachers n Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances n A general, pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression n A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 4 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Prevalence of EBD n n n Approximately 0. 7 percent of all student ages 6 - 21 in special education Debate over accuracy of amount Gender, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors influence prevalence n n n White males more than white females Black females more than white females Black males highest disproportionately Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 5 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Emotional Characteristics of EBD n Anxiety disorder n Separation anxiety n Generalized anxiety disorder n Phobia n Panic disorder n Obsessivecompulsive disorder n Post-traumatic stress disorder Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 n Mood disorder n n n 6 Depression Suicide Bipolar disorder Oppositional defiant disorder Conduct disorder Schizophrenia © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Behavioral Characteristics of EBD n Externalizing behaviors n Aggression, n Acting out n Noncompliant behaviors Internalizing behaviors n Withdrawal n Depression n Anxiety n Obsessions n Compulsions n Can occur simultaneously Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 7 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cognitive and Academic Characteristics of EBD n n Below grade level in reading, math, and writing Rated low on self-control social skills measures Higher rates of being held back in a grade Many have expressive and/or receptive language disorders Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 8 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Determining the Causes n n Biological Causes Environmental considerations n School factors n Family factors/considerations Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 9 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Determining the Presence n n Rating scales, personality inventories, and observations. n They did not always follow the IDEA definition Scale for Assessing Emotional Disturbance n Follows 5 elements from IDEA n Inability to learn n Inability to build or maintain satisfactory relationships n Inappropriate behavior n Unhappiness or depression n Physical symptoms or fears Additionally: n Student involvement in antisocial behaviors in environments outside of school Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 10 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Partnering for Special Education and Related Services n Wraparound services: n n School, community, mental health, and other services are “wrapped around” the student instead of compartmentalized Ten key principles n Voice and choice n Team-based n Natural supports n Collaboration n Community-based n Culturally competent n Individualized n Strengths-based n Persistence n Outcomes-based Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 11 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Partnering for Special Education and Related Services n Wraparound services: n Four phases of wraparound (Box 7. 1) n Engagement and Team preparation n Initial Plan Development n Implementation n Transition Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 12 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Determining Supplementary Aids and Services n n Classwide, peer-assisted, self-management n Students learn how to define self-management and why it is effective n Explore how it might benefit them n Learn the relationship among antecedents, specific behaviors, and the consequences n Discuss how to respond appropriately and inappropriately Reverse-role tutoring n Using students with emotional or behavioral disorders as tutors to nondisabled peers Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 13 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Planning for Universal Design for Learning n n Use a computer with word processing software n Reduces frustration n Increases students’ willingness to edit and correct their work n Results in clean, legible products Talking word processors, alphabetical keyboards, or word prediction software may allow for less frustration when writing Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 14 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Planning for Other Educational Needs n n More than half drop out of high school Statistics two years later show low employment rate for dropouts Reasons for dropout rate Several interventions have been identified to reduce the dropout rate Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 15 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Preventing Dropouts n n n n Establish a student advisory program Establish and involve students in extracurricular activities Systematically monitor risk factors associated with dropping out Develop “schools within schools” or smaller units Establish school-to-work programs Engage in community-based learning Use the “check and connect” strategy Provide vocational education Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 16 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Early Childhood Students n n n Classroom-centered intervention n Mastery learning n Good-behavior game Family-school partnership intervention Multicomponent intervention n Student-directed learning strategies n Social Stories n An apron storyboard Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 17 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Elementary and Middle School Students n Service Learning n Instructional activities that integrate teaching activities with community service n Designed to teach civil responsibility n Reinforces lessons in the classroom in the context of real life n Improves communities Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 18 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Secondary and Transition Students n Conflict Resolution n Students learn: n Effective communication n Anger management n Taking another’s perspective n Conflicts usually occur because of resources, needs, or goals n Teaches problem solving and successful decision making Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 19 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Measuring Students’ Progress n n Mastery learning (or mastery training) n Frequently assess students’ mastery of content, determining whether to move on to the next concept n To monitor mastery, effective teachers will: n Ask questions of the whole class n Use a cooperative learning strategy such as “think-pair-share” Social Skills n Use of social skills rating system n Socio-metric ratings for rankings Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 20 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Making Accommodations for Assessment n n n Students in alternative school settings need to progress in the general education curriculum so that they may return to their neighborhood schools Students with EBD may be more likely to have difficulty with testing, due to heightened anxiety Appropriate testing accommodations include: n Extended time for testing n Individual test administration n Breaks during testing Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools, 6 e Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, and Michael Wehmeyer ISBN: 0135027012 21 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.