CHAPTER 7 TWO WORLDS COLLIDE Montanas Indians and

CHAPTER 7: TWO WORLDS COLLIDE Montana’s Indians and Westward Expansion Note - Chapter 7 Study Guide #1 -7 are answered in order by first 5 slides of this presentation; after that, individual slides are labeled to let students know what study guide items each slide answers.

Learner Objectives �By the end of this section of the Power Point, you should: �Understand basic legal terms & issues involving treaties between Indian tribes and the U. S. government (sovereignty, cede, annuities, reservations, etc. ). �Know basic problems in negotiating treaties between Indians and the government. �Know arguments in favor of white settlement of Indian lands. �Know goals that both the government and Indian tribes had when negotiating treaties.

Treaties That Changed Montana History �For a treaty to be put into effect it must be ratified by the U. S. Senate. �Two important facts about treaties w/Indian tribes: �By establishing reservations, the gov’t. acknowledged that tribes were legal owners of their own lands. �The gov’t. recognized tribes as sovereign (independent & self-governing) nations.

Treaties & Reservations �Reservations: land that tribes reserved for their own use through treaties; often remnants of tribe’s traditional territory. �Native Americans are the only ethnic group that the U. S. government treats as sovereign nations.

Annuities & Assimilation �Treaties gave U. S. permission to build roads, railroads, & towns on Indian land; in return, tribes got to keep some land for reservations, and received annuities (annual payments from the gov’t. ). �Gov’t. goal was for tribes to assimilate into white culture by settling into towns, becoming farmers, converting to Christianity – and to cede tribal land for white settlement. �Most emigrants got along well with Indians – some even married Indians.

Government wanted tribes to cede (give up) land so non. Indians could build farms, towns, roads, etc.

#13 of study guide: The fact that the U. S. government negotiated treaties with Indian tribes the same way it did with other nations (like France, Britain, etc. ), shows that the government also viewed Indian tribes as separate, sovereign nations.

Trouble With Treaties – 4 Basic Problems (#14 of study guide partially answered by this slide) �Treaties were based on Euro-American idea that land could be bought & sold – tribes didn’t agree. �Language difference – every idea had to go through several translations; lots of misunderstandings.

4 Basic Problems of Treaties (continued) – rest of #14 of study guide answered here! Gov’t. representatives misunderstood structure of Indian tribes – assumed Indian chiefs could speak for the whole tribe the way the president could for the whole U. S. gov’t. often didn’t live up to its agreements – allowed whites to trespass on reservations, didn’t make annuity payments, gov’t. agents stole tribal money, etc. � Sometimes the Senate changed treaties that tribes had already agreed to – this happened with Ft. Laramie Treaty of 1851.

Why did the U. S. government need treaties with Indian tribes even before settlers moved west? (#15 of study guide) �Answer: To get permission to build roads and railroads across tribal lands.

Arguments for acquisition of Indian lands for white settlement (#20 -21 of study guide): �Because Indians didn’t build farms, towns, etc. , they weren’t “really” using the land anyway – they just lived on it. �Manifest Destiny: it was the moral duty of the U. S. to expand its culture across the continent.

3 goals of U. S. government in negotiating treaties with tribes (#16 of study guide) �Building roads & railroads through tribal lands. �Get Indians to settle in villages and farms. �Acquire land for settlers.

3 goals of tribes in negotiating treaties (#17 of study guide) �Maintain their traditional lifestyles. �Preserve their territory and power. �Have protection from settlers.

Objective Review �What do these terms mean: sovereignty, cede, reservation, annuities. �What were two or more basic problems in negotiating treaties? �What was an argument for white settlement of Indian lands? �What was a goal of the government when negotiating treaties? �What was a goal that tribes had when negotiating treaties?

Learner Objectives �By the end of this section, you should: �Be able to identify major treaties that affected Montana tribes.

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 �Defined territories of several tribes, including Lakota and Crow. �Tribes had to make peace with each other. �U. S. was allowed to build forts, roads, railroads on tribal lands. �U. S. gov’t. would pay $50, 000 per year for 50 years to each tribe, AND protect tribal lands from damage/losses caused by U. S. citizens.

Ft. Laramie Treaty of 1851 This rare photo shows government representatives in negotiations with leaders from various tribes. An estimated 10, 000 to 14, 000 Indians attended – the largest gathering of Indians ever on the Great Plains. See Part 4 of Centennial for more about the Ft. Laramie Treaty.

Map of the lands reserved for various tribes by the Ft. Laramie Treaty of 1851 Note that each reservation is MUCH larger than any modern reservations!

Hellgate Treaty of 1855 �Kootenai, Salish, & Pend d’Oreille tribes agreed to live together on Jocko Reserve in Flathead Valley. �U. S. promised to pay tribes $120, 000 per year for 20 years. �Salish chief Victor didn’t want to leave Bitterroot Valley – only signed treaty after new section was added to temporarily reserve part of it for the Salish (but he thought this was permanent, not temporary).

Salish Chief Victor This photo was taken when Victor was part of an Indian delegation that traveled to Washington, D. C.

Lame Bull Treaty of 1855 �Large part of central Montana set aside as common hunting ground for Blackfeet and several other tribes. �Tribes had to share hunting ground without warfare & allow U. S. to build roads, railroads across Indian lands. �U. S. agreed to pay each tribe $20, 000 per year for 10 yrs. and protect tribal territories from white settlement for 99 yrs.

Objective Review �Identify two treaties that affected Montana tribes. �Too bad the agreements between Indians and non -Indians couldn’t have all been negotiated by the Outlaw Josey Wales: https: //www. youtube. co m/watch? v=q 9 EBYw 5 VN 2 E

…and now, a break for some Plains Indian culture… �Ever heard of a Cheyenne Contrary (2 minutes)? https: //www. youtub e. com/watch? v=5 R 6 w. K 1 VWH 1 k&t=6 s �I’ve never been invisible before (5 minutes): https: //www. youtub e. com/watch? v=e. Eo. F _-jd. Ps&list=PLBB 96 ACCB 45 F 69 A 1 A&index=17

Learner Objectives �By the end of this section, you should: �Know what and where the Bozeman Trail was. �Know why the Bozeman Trail angered several tribes. �Know at least two historical figures important to events on the Bozeman Trail. �Know key events in and the outcome of Red Cloud’s war.

The Bozeman Trail and Red Cloud’s War – answer to study guide #19 on this slide! �Montana gold rushes began in 1862 – white settlement violated treaty promises to tribes. �Bozeman Trail branched off from Oregon Trail at Ft. Laramie & traveled north/northwest to Montana gold camps – passed through hunting grounds promised to Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, & Arapaho tribes by Ft. Laramie Treaty of 1851.

Map of the Bozeman Trail This was the fastest, cheapest route to Montana’s gold fields – but also the most dangerous, as the Sioux and Cheyenne would attack white travelers trespassing through their best tribal hunting grounds.

John Bozeman, founder of the Bozeman Trail Bozeman, originally from Georgia, established the trail to bring prosperity to the Gallatin Valley and the new town of Bozeman. He was killed in 1867 by hostile Indians – or maybe by his business partner.

Bozeman Trail & Red Cloud’s War (cont. ) �Lakota (Sioux) & N. Cheyenne began attacking travelers on Bozeman Trail – U. S. Army built forts along trail to protect travelers. �Red Cloud’s War: Sioux led by Red Cloud fought several battles against army – greatest victory was Fetterman Fight (all 81 U. S. troops killed) in 1866.

Sioux Chief Red Cloud stands alone as the only Plains Indian leader to win a war against the U. S. government. As he grew older, he realized that his tribe could never win a war against the U. S. in the long run, and counseled for peace.

Map of the Fetterman Fight – December 21, 1866 Captain Fetterman (below right) was ambushed & wiped out after violating Col. Carrington’s (below left) orders not to pursue the hostiles over Lodge Trail Ridge. Here’s a short video that outlines what happened in the Fetterman Fight (4 minutes): https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 Xy 4 NX 5 Rg. V 8

Painting of the Fetterman Fight: Until the Battle of Little Big Horn ten years later, this was the most famous defeat the U. S. Army ever suffered during the Plains Indian Wars.

The Fetterman Fight Memorial – 49 of the 81 white men killed in the fight fell near the site of this marker.

Another famous battle on the Bozeman Trail was the Wagon Box Fight (fought a few miles from the site of the Fetterman Fight) on August 2, 1867. Soldiers at the Wagon Box Fight were saved by their superior firepower – the new “trap door” breech-loading Springfield rifles that they used weren’t yet available at the Fetterman Fight.

Bozeman Trail & Red Cloud’s War (continued) �Crow allied w/U. S. because Sioux & Cheyenne were old enemies of the Crows. � 1868: Bozeman Trail was closed by army – victory for Red Cloud, but partly due to completion of transcontinental railroad (trail was no longer needed).

Cheyenne (left) and Crow (right) warriors. Many considered Crows to be the most handsome Indians and the best horsemen as well (along with the Comanches to the south). Their enemies, the Cheyennes, were also great horsemen and known as the tallest Indians of the Plains.

Objective Review �Approximately where was the Bozeman Trail? �Why were the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho angry about the trail? �Identify two people important to the Bozeman Trail’s history and describe their contributions. �For almost 10 years afterward, what battle on the Bozeman Trail was the army’s most famous loss of the Plains Indian Wars? �What feat was Red Cloud the only Plains Indian leader to ever accomplish?

Learner Objectives �Which tribe was the “winner” (and which was the “loser”) in the 1868 Ft. Laramie Treaty? �What area was sacred to many tribes? �What problem did Indian warriors pose for army troops sent to defeat them? �What method of warfare did the army find most effective (and what was a famous example of this method as used in Montana)?

1868 Fort Laramie Treaty �Half of North & South Dakota designated as Sioux land. �Much land taken away from Crow and given to Sioux (answer to #18 on study guide!). �Both tribes accepted schools, farm equipment, gov’t. agencies – seen by gov’t. as way to get tribes to assimilate into white society.

Map of Ft. Laramie Treaty of 1868 Tribal reservations were made much smaller than in the 1851 Ft. Laramie Treaty, but the Sioux were the clear winners: they got the largest reservation, and they got the Black Hills, which were sacred to many tribes.

Two Ways of Life Collide �Settlers assumed that Indians weren’t really using the land because they didn’t build towns, farms, etc. ; also expected gov’t. protection from Indian attacks, even if they trespassed on Indian land. �Many settlers still got along well with Indians – some even married them.

Shifting Strategies of Survival and Defense - #22 of study guide on this slide �Government often changed treaties to shrink reservations; the army was sent in to deal with Indians who refused to move. �Army troops moved slowly – easily evaded by Indian warriors on horseback. �Army adopted strategy of “total warfare” used in Civil War by attacking Indian camps at dawn, burning tipis, food, etc. to destroy their resources and force surrender.

1870 Massacre on the Marias #23 of study guide � 1869: Blackfeet from Mountain Chief’s band killed rancher Malcolm Clarke near Helena. �Tribe refused to turn murderers over to gov’t. ; 2 nd Cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, sent to attack Mountain Chief’s camp in January 1870. �Baker attacked wrong village – Heavy Runner’s – and killed 173, including 53 women & children.

Top: site of the 1870 Baker Massacre on the Marias River Bottom: Officers at Ft. Ellis (near Bozeman). Major Eugene Baker is the one with the dark beard, head tilted downward.

Objective Review �How were the Sioux the “winners” in the 1868 Ft. Laramie Treaty? How were the Crow the “losers? ” �Why was it important to the Sioux that the Black Hills were part of their reservation? �Why were Indian warriors difficult for the army to apprehend? �How did total warfare work, and why was it effective against the Indians?

Learner Objectives �By the end of this section, you should: �Know the survival strategies of several different tribes. �Know how the discovery of gold resulted in violence between the U. S. and the Sioux & Cheyenne tribes. �Know the key events and individuals surrounding the Battle of Little Big Horn.

Crow Strategy (#24 of Study Guide) �Surrounded by enemies (Sioux, Cheyenne, Assiniboine), Crow tribe allied with U. S. gov’t. – but still had reservation reduced to 1/20 of original size within 25 years.

Salish strategy: economic independence and nonmilitary resistance (#27 of study guide) �Planted crops, built dairies; still hunted bison. �Salish chief Charlot resisted pressure from gov’t. to move tribe out of Bitterroot Valley from 1871 until 1889, when he negotiated an agreement for the gov’t. to buy out Salish land in the Bitterroot. �Bitterroot Salish finally moved to Flathead Reservation in 1891.

Sioux and Northern Cheyenne strategy: armed resistance (#25 -26 of study guide) � 1874: Gold discovered on Sioux land in Black Hills of South Dakota. �Gov’t. offered to buy Black Hills from Sioux; Sioux refused; some left reservation – all who didn’t return by 1876 were deemed “hostiles. ” �Army sent 3 forces to round up the hostiles: Crook went north from Ft. Fetterman in Wyoming; Gibbon went east from Ft. Ellis in Montana; Terry (with Custer) went west from Ft. Lincoln in North Dakota – plan was to trap hostiles between their 3 armies & force them back to the reservation.

Site of the Battle of the Rosebud

Map of the Battle of the Rosebud June 17, 1876

Battle of the Rosebud �June 17, 1876 �Sioux & Cheyenne fought General Crook’s troops to a draw – Crook retreated south instead of continuing north to join Custer’s force. �Crook could have been wiped out, but Crow warriors on his side helped drive the Sioux & Cheyenne back.

Battle of the Little Bighorn �June 25 -26, 1876 near present-day Crow Agency, Mt. �Custer’s 7 th Cavalry was supposed to wait for General Terry & Colonel Gibbon’s troops, but thought he’d been spotted by Sioux & Cheyenne – attacked immediately to prevent them from escaping.

Map of the Battle of Little Big Horn June 25, 1876

Battle of the Little Bighorn �Custer divided his force into three columns to surround Indian camp on Little Bighorn River, but was overwhelmed by superior numbers of Sioux & Cheyenne, who were led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. �All 200+ men in Custer’s column were killed; other two columns, led by Reno & Benteen, survived but with heavy losses.

Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and Oglala Sioux leader Crazy Horse (? ) Photo of Crazy Horse is alleged – most historians say there are NO photos ever taken of him, and the one shown here is of another warrior who may have looked similar to him.

Sioux Chief Sitting Bull and the Crazy Horse Memorial in South Dakota Sitting Bull (left) was a chief and holy man of the Hunkpapa Sioux. The Crazy Horse Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota will be much larger than the nearby Mount Rushmore sculpture (but critics say it really doesn’t look much like Crazy Horse).

A Native American depiction of the Battle of Little Big Horn

Two views of soldiers’ graves at Little Big Horn, and the marker at the place where Custer’s body was found.

The original Little Big Horn monument (below & bottom right) and the monument for Indian warriors at Little Big Horn (right)

“Custer’s Last Stand” by Edgar S. Paxson On exhibit at the Buffalo Bill Center of the West in Cody, Wyoming

…and “Custer’s Last View” From the cartoon series, “The Far Side, ” by Gary Larson

Aftermath of Little Bighorn (#2830 of study guide on this slide) �Public was shocked & angered by Custer’s defeat – gov’t. sent more troops to attack Sioux & Cheyenne. �Total warfare strategy led to defeat of all hostile Sioux & Cheyenne in 1877 – Sitting Bull fled to Canada until 1881, then returned & surrendered; Crazy Horse surrendered in 1877 & was later killed resisting arrest at Ft. Robinson, Nebraska.

Objective Review �What was the survival strategy of the Crow tribe? Of the Salish? Of the Sioux and the Cheyenne? �How did the discovery of gold in the Black Hills lead to the Battle of Little Big Horn? �Name two leaders each from the U. S. Army and from the Sioux at the Battle of Little Big Horn? �What did Custer do with his forces at Little Big Horn that made them more vulnerable? �How did the Sioux & Cheyenne victory at Little Big Horn actually hurt those tribes afterward?

Learner Objectives �By the end of this section, you should know: �How the Nez Perce War of 1877 began. �At least one leader for the U. S. Army and one leader for the Nez Perce at that time.

The Nez Perce War of 1877 - #3132 of study guide on this slide �Chief Joseph’s Nez Perce followers didn’t want to leave Wallowa Valley, Oregon, because their part of the tribe hadn’t signed a treaty with the U. S. �Finally agreed to move to new reservation at Lapwai, Idaho – but some of their young warriors got angry and killed a number of white settlers. �To escape military punishment, 700 Nez Perce (led by Joseph and Looking Glass) fled to Montana to take refuge with the Crow tribe.

Chief Joseph (below); Bear Paw Battlefield Memorial (bottom right) The memorial marks the site where Joseph surrendered and gave his famous “I will fight no more forever” speech on October 5, 1877. The site is about 16 miles from present-day Chinook, Montana, near the Bear’s Paw Mountains.

The Nez Perce War (cont. ) �Along the way, the Nez Perce defeated army troops after being attacked at White Bird Canyon and the Big Hole River; also evaded troops sent to stop them at Lolo, Mt. �Nez Perce turned north to escape into Canada when they learned that the Crow were now helping the army track them down. �Stopped to rest near the Bear’s Paw Mountains, just 40 miles from Canada – and were caught by surprise by troops led by Colonel Nelson Miles.

Map of the Nez Perce retreat (below); Colonel Nelson Miles (below right) Miles City, Montana, is named for Colonel Miles.

The Nez Perce War (cont. ) �A few Nez Perce slipped away & escaped to Canada w/help from some Metis. �Eventually found Sitting Bull, who welcomed them to live with his Sioux people, but could send no warriors to help the Nez Perce surrounded back in Montana. �Chief Joseph & rest of Nez Perce surrendered to Miles on October 5, 1877 – Joseph gave his famous “I will fight no more forever” speech at this time. �Joseph & his followers were sent to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and later to Colville, Washington – he never returned to the Wallowa Valley again. � Joseph’s surrender speech from I Will Fight No More Forever (5 minutes): https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Yftd. IU 1 zago

Objective Review Why didn’t Joseph’s part of the Nez Perce tribe want to move to Lapwai, Idaho? What tribe did the Nez Perce hope to find safety with? Why did the Nez Perce decide to escape to Canada instead? What army officer caught the Nez Perce before the could make it to Canada? Who was the most famous leader of the Nez Perce?

Learner Objectives �By the end of this section, you should know: �Which Cheyenne chiefs led their tribe’s escape to Montana during the “Cheyenne Autumn. ” �Why they decided to escape from Ft. Reno. �The impact on Montana of Louis Riel’s rebellion in Canada. �Key factors in the demise of the bison. �How the demise of the bison changed the Indians’ way of life.

The Cheyenne Autumn (1878) �Northern Cheyenne who surrendered after Battle of Little Bighorn were sent to Ft. Reno in Oklahoma in 1877. �Chiefs Dull Knife and Little Wolf decided to take their people and escape to their old home in Montana – would rather die in attempt to return to Montana than continue life in captivity.

Cheyenne chiefs Dull Knife (left) and Little Wolf (right)

Cheyenne Autumn (cont. ) - #33 of study guide on this slide �Little Wolf’s followers made it to Ft. Keogh near present Miles City, Mt. ; �Dull Knife and followers were captured in Nebraska & taken to Ft. Robinson – escaped 7 days later, but many died; about 50 made it to join Little Wolf in Montana. �Colonel Miles supported Northern Cheyennes’ request for a reservation in Mt. – reservation was granted in 1884.

Louis Riel and Metis Resistance �Riel led Metis in southern Canada to set up own territorial gov’t. in 1860 s. � 1870: Canadian gov’t. took over Metis farms & towns, claimed Metis lands for Englishspeaking Canadians; Riel led rebellion against Canadian gov’t. for 15 years. � 1885: Riel captured and hanged by Canadian gov’t. – many of his followers fled to Mt. and became “landless” Indians.

Metis leader Louis Riel

A World Comes to an End �Bison population shrunk from 13 million in 1860 to less than 200 in 1883. �Four factors in demise of bison: � Disease from cattle � Changes in ecology of Great Plains � Drought � Wholesale slaughter by hunters. End of bison ended hunter-gatherer way of life. Army troops now kept Montana’s Indians on reservations; every tribe had to adapt to the new reality.

Plenty Coups, Chief of the Crow Tribe You can visit Plenty Coups’ house at Chief Plenty Coups State Park in Pryor, Montana.

“WHEN THE BUFFALO WENT AWAY, THE HEARTS OF MY PEOPLE FELL TO THE GROUND, AND THEY COULD NOT LIFT THEM UP AGAIN. AFTER THIS NOTHING HAPPENED. ” --PLENTY COUPS, CHIEF OF THE CROWS

Objective Review �What did Dull Knife and Little Wolf do? �Why did they leave Ft. Reno? �What happened to Louis Riel’s followers who came to Montana? �Identify two things that caused the demise of the bison? �What Indian way of life ended with the demise of the bison?

Native American Leaders & What They Were Known For �Chief Charlot: Economic independence for the Salish tribe; tried to keep Salish in Bitterroot Valley. �Chief Joseph: Led Nez Perce in attempt to escape from Oregon to Montana (and then to Canada). �Chief Red Cloud: Lakota/Sioux leader who fought successfully to close down the Bozeman Trail.

Native American Leaders & What They Were Known For �Chief Plenty Coups: Crow leader who allied with U. S. government to protect his tribe. �Chief Dull Knife: Northern Cheyenne leader who led his people in escape from Oklahoma to Montana.

Survival Strategies of Key Tribes �Crow: Cooperation – allied with U. S. government against their common enemies (the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Assiniboine). �Sioux and Cheyenne: Armed resistance against U. S. government – fought the army when ordered to move to smaller reservations. �Salish: Economic independence & nonmilitary resistance. Tribe had lots of farms and dairies – wanted to stay in Bitterroot Valley, but was eventually bought out & forced onto Flathead Res.

Info for #34 of study guide: -Indians saw the land as a provider and valued it as a place where ancestors had lived and were buried; did not see land as something a man could own. -Non-Indians did see land as something that could be bought and sold. Also, settlers built houses, farms, towns, mines, etc. , and Indians did not – so settlers saw Indians as “not really using the land, just living on it. ” -Neither side could appreciate the other’s point of view, so naturally there were misunderstandings and conflicts.

Info for #35 of study guide �Language differences caused confusion & misunderstandings in negotiations and about what was actually decided. �Government negotiators mistakenly assumed that a chief could speak and decide for all tribal members. �Congress changed treaty deals after they’d been negotiated. �Indians didn’t always stay on reservation land. �Government often failed to deliver required compensation/payments.