Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems • The types of organisms in an aquatic ecosystem are mainly determined by the water’s________. • Aquatic ecosystems – _______: Salt water – _______: No salt • Freshwater ecosystems include – Ponds – Lakes – Streams – Rivers – Wetlands Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Freshwater Ecosystems • ___________ areas of land that are periodically under water or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems • Factors affecting organism distribution in an aquatic ecosystem: – _________________ • Three groups of aquatic organisms include – _____________ – _______ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems • _______ are the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the water, and can be microscopic animals called _______ or microscopic plants called __________ • ________ are all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents. • _________ are bottom-dwelling organisms which are often attached to hard surfaces. • __________ are also aquatic organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and Ponds • Lakes, ponds, and wetlands can form naturally where __________________. • Humans intentionally create artificial lakes by damming flowing rivers and streams to use them for power, irrigation, water storage, and recreation. • Lakes and ponds can be structured into _____ and _________ zones. The types of organisms present depend on the ________ available. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Life in a Lake • The _________ is a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where ___________. – Abundant and diverse plant and animal life • Some plants are rooted in the mud underwater with their upper leaves and stems above water. Other plants have floating leaves. • In ____________, plants, algae, and some bacteria capture solar energy to make their own food during photosynthesis. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Life in a Lake • Some bodies of fresh water have areas so deep that there is _________________. • _______ live in the deep areas of freshwater. Fish adapted to cooler, darker water also live there. • Eventually, dead and decaying organisms reach the ____________. • The _____________ is the region near the bottom of a pond, lake or ocean which is inhabited by decomposers, insect larvae, and clams. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Life in a Lake • Animals that live in lakes and ponds have _________ that help them obtain what they need to survive. • For example, __________ use the hairs under their bodies to trap surface air so that they can breathe during their dives for food. • And, in regions where lakes partially freeze in the winter, _____________ into the littoral mud to avoid freezing temperatures. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems A Lake Ecosystem Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems How Nutrients Affect Lakes • ____________ is an increase in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrates, in an aquatic ecosystem. • As the amount of plants and algae grow, the number of bacteria feeding on the decaying organisms also grows. • These bacteria use the oxygen dissolved in the lake’s waters. Eventually the reduced amount of oxygen kills oxygen loving organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems How Nutrients Affect Lakes • A lake that has large amounts of plant growth due to nutrients is known as a eutrophic lake. • Lakes naturally become eutrophic over a long period of time. • However, eutrophication can be accelerated by runoff, such as rain, that can carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal wastes from land into bodies of water. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Objectives: Freshwater Aquatic Food Chains • Objective #1: To create 2 food chains each representing a typical freshwater aquatic lake or pond. Organisms observed in laboratory must be included in the food chain. • Objective #2: To identify examples of organisms that occupy the three areas found in a freshwater lake/pond: plankton, nekton, benthos. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Requirements for food chains: • Each food chain will contain 5 trophic levels. – 1 st and 2 nd trophic levels must be examples of plankton. • 1 food chain will use the prepared slide of phytoplankton as the primary producer • The other food chain will use the “living” specimen of algae as the primary producer – The 2 nd trophic level will be a plankton organism either observed in lab or research Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Requirements for food chains: • 3 rd trophic level may be a nekton organism or a benthic organism. Your choice • 4 th trophic level must a a nekton organism • 5 th trophic level must be a benthic organism. Nematodes/worms observed in lab would be good examples. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Scenes from wetlands Identify 3 common features Seen in the pictures above. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Objectives • Objective #1: To define a wetland. • Objective #2: To explain six important functions of wetlands. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater Wetlands • ____________are areas of land that: – Have a unique type of soil – Have plants adapted to the wet environment – Contain water all year or at certain times during the year • PA’s definition: – “Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions” Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Plants in a wetland Rushes Sedges Pitcher plants Silver maple Moss Cattails Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater Wetlands Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater Wetlands • Wetlands perform several important environmental functions including: – ____________ • Remove sediment by slowing water movement • Improve air quality by removing carbon dioxide – _____________ • Home to 35% of threatened & endangered species – _____________, high primary productivity rate Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater Wetlands -_______________ Amphibian reproduction • Ducks, geese, swans, herons reproduction • Spawning habitat for bullheads, yellow perch, pike, bluegill, walleyes, and muskellunge • Costal wetlands spawning and nursery grounds for salmon, striped bass, bluefish – ____________________________ • “Natural sponge” absorbing excess water from runoff and flooding • Protect costal areas from storm surges Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Environmental Functions of Wetlands Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Types of Wetlands • ______________ • _______ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Marshes • __________: – Mouth of rivers/Near streams and creeks – Low, flat lands with poor drainage • __________: – Bottom is rich in nutrients Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Marshes • ___________: – Rooted in rich nutrient bottom with leaves emerging out of the water – Examples: • Grasses • Sedges • Bulrushes • Cattails Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Marshes • ___________: – Beavers – Frogs – Turtles – Raccoons – Muskrats – Opossums – Insects – Birds (Marsh and migratory) • Video Segment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Marshes • There are several kinds of marshes, each of which is characterized by its ________. – __________ have slightly salty water – __________ contain saltier water Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Swamps • ___________: – Low lying forested wetland, often near streams • ___________: – Nutrient rich if swamp drains slowly • _________: Further classify swamps – __________ • Dominated by cedars, pines, spruces, hemlock – __________ • Dominated by maples, willows, aspens, birches, elms, oaks Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Swamps • ____________: – Beavers – Frogs – Turtles – Raccoons – Muskrats – Opossums – Birds – Insect – Reptiles • Video segment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Bogs • ___________: – Low lying areas • ________: – Mostly ______: Decomposed plant matter – Very ________ • ________: – Mosses -Blueberries – Shrubs -Cranberries – Water lilies – Pitcher plants Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Bogs • _________: – Frogs – Turtles – Insects – Some birds • ____________: – Very little oxygen in water – Little movement of water in a bog • Video Segment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Discovery Video Segment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Objective • To compare and contrast the 3 types of wetlands found in PA. • To describe how humans are impacting wetlands. • To explain how a pond or lake becomes eutrophic. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

PA’s Wetlands • Forested Wetlands • Scrub-shrub Wetlands • Emergent Wetlands Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Forested Wetlands • Dominant plant: Mature woody trees – Examples • Red & Silver maple • River birch • Green ash • 36% of PA’s wetlands • Standing water during part or most of year • May be coniferous or hardwood wetlands Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Shrub/Scrub Wetland • Dominant plant species: Shrubs & trees less than 20 feet tall – Examples • Blueberries • Winterberry • Mountain holly • Swamp rose • 12% of PA’s wetlands Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Emergent Wetlands • Dominant plant species: Plants rooted in soil but emerge above water (Marshy environment) – Examples • Rushes • Grasses • Sedges Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Human Impact on Wetlands • Wetlands were previously considered to be wastelands that provide breeding grounds for insects. • As a result, many have been drained, filled, and cleared for farms or residential and commercial development. • The importance of wetlands is now recognized, as the law and the federal government protect many wetlands while most states now prohibit the destruction of certain wetlands. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers • At its headwaters, a river is usually cold and full of oxygen and runs swiftly through a shallow riverbed. • As a river flows down a mountain, it may broaden, become warmer, wider, slower, and decrease in oxygen. • A river changes with the land the climate through which it flows. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Life in a River • In and near the headwater, mosses anchor themselves to rocks by using rootlike structures called rhizoids. Trout and minnows are adapted to the cold, oxygen rich water. • Farther downstream, plankton can float in the warmer, calmer waters. Plants here can set roots in the river’s rich sediment, and the plant’s leaves vary in shape according to the strength of the river’s current. Fish such as catfish and carp also live in these calmer waters. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers in Danger • Industries use river water in manufacturing processes and as receptacles for wastes. In addition, people have used rivers to dispose of their sewage and garbage. • These practices have polluted rivers with toxins, which have killed river organisms and made river fish inedible. • Today, runoff from the land puts pesticides and other poisons into rivers and coats riverbeds with toxic sediments. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Objectives • Explain why an estuary is a very productive ecosystem. • Compare salt marshes and mangrove swamps. • Describe two threats to coral reefs. • Describe two threats to ocean organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems • Marine ecosystems are located mainly in coastal areas and in the open ocean. • Organisms that live in coastal areas adapt to changes in water level and salinity. • Organisms that live in the open ocean adapt to changes in temperature and the amount of sunlight and nutrients available. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Coastal Wetlands • Coastal land areas that are covered by salt water for all or part of the time are known as coastal wetlands. • Coastal wetlands provide habitat and nesting areas for many fish and wildlife. • They also absorb excess rain, which protects them from flooding, they filter out pollutants and sediments, and they proved recreational areas for boating, fishing, and hunting. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Estuaries • An estuary is an area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean. • As the two bodies meet, currents form and cause mineral rich mud with many nutrients to fall to the bottom making in available to producers. • Estuaries are very productive because they constantly receive nutrients from the river and ocean while the surrounding land protects the estuaries from the harsh force of ocean waves. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Estuaries Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Estuaries • Estuaries support many marine organisms because they receive plenty of light for photosynthesis and plenty of nutrients for plants and animals. • The light and nutrients support large populations of rooted plants as well as plankton. Plankton in turn provide food for fish, which can then be eaten by larger animals such as dolphins. • Oysters and clams live anchored to rocks and feed by filtering plankton from the water. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Estuaries • Organisms that live in estuaries are able to tolerate variations in salinity because the salt content of the water varies as fresh water and sat water mix when tides go in and out. • Estuaries also proved protected harbors, access to the ocean, and connection to rivers. As a result, many of the largest ports have been built on estuaries. • Six of the ten largest urban areas, including New York have been built on estuaries. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Threats to Estuaries • Estuaries that exist in populated areas were often used as places to dump waste. Estuaries filled with waste could then be used as building sites. • The pollutants that damage estuaries include sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic chemicals. • Most of these pollutants break down over time, but estuaries cannot cope with the amounts produced by dense human populations. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Salt Marshes • Salt marshes are maritime habitats characterized by grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic flooding and are found primarily throughout the temperate and subarctic regions. • The salt marsh supports a community of clams, fish, aquatic birds, crabs, and shrimp. • Salt marshes, like other wetlands, also absorb pollutants to help protect inland areas. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Mangrove Swamps • Mangrove swamps are tropical or subtropical marine swamps that are characterized by the abundance of low to tall mangrove trees. • The swamps help protect the coastline from erosion and reduce the damage from storms. They also provide a home for about 2, 000 animal species. • Mangrove swamps have been filled with waste and destroyed in many parts of the world. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Rocky and Sandy Shores • Rocky shores have many more plants and animals than sandy shores do because the rocks provide anchorage for seaweed that animals can live on. • Sandy shores dry out when the tide goes out, and many organisms that live between sand grains eat the plankton left stranded on the sand. • A Barrier island is a long ridge of sand or narrow island that lies parallel to the shore and helps protect the mainland. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Coral Reefs • Coral reefs are limestone ridges found in tropical climates and composed of coral fragments that are deposited around organic remains. • Thousands of species of plants and animals live in the cracks and crevices of coral reefs, which makes coral reefs among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. • Corals are predators that use stinging tentacles to capture small animals, such as zooplankton, that float or swim close to the reef. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Coral Reefs • Corals live only in clear, warm salt water where there is enough light for photosynthesis. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Disappearing Coral Reefs • Coral reefs are productive ecosystems, but they are also very fragile. • If the water surrounding a reef is too hot or too cold, or if fresh water drains into the water surrounding the coral, the coral may die. • If the water is too muddy, polluted, or too high in nutrients, the algae that live within the corals will either die or grow out control. If the algae grows out of control, it may kill the corals. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Disappearing Coral Reefs • Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have also been linked to coral-reef destruction. • Overfishing can devastate fish populations, upsetting the balance of the reef’s ecosystem. • A coral reef grows very slowly, and it may not be able to repair itself after chunks of coral are destroyed by careless divers, ships dropping anchor, fisheries, shipwrecks, and people breaking off pieces for decorative items or building materials. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Oceans • Because water absorbs light, sunlight that is usable by plants for photosynthesis penetrates only about 100 m into the ocean. • As a result, much of the ocean’s life is concentrated in the shallow coastal waters where sunlight penetrates to the bottom and rivers wash nutrients from the land. • Seaweed and algae grow anchored to rocks, and phytoplankton drift on the surface. Invertebrates and fish then feed on these plants. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Oceans • In the open ocean, phytoplankton grow only in areas where there is enough light and nutrients, resulting in one of the least productive of all ecosystems. • The sea’s smallest herbivores are zooplankton, including jellyfish and tiny shrimp, which live near the surface with the phytoplankton they eat. • Fish feed on the plankton as do marine mammals such as whales. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Oceans • The depths of the ocean are very dark, so most food at the ocean floor consists of dead organisms that fall from the surface. • Decomposers, filter feeders, and the organisms that eat them live in the deep areas of the ocean. • Overall, the types of organisms that may be found in the layers of the ocean at various depths is dependent on available sunlight. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Oceans Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Threats to the Oceans • The oceans are steadily becoming more polluted. Runoff from fertilized fields and industrial waste and sewage being discharged into rivers are major sources of ocean pollution. • Overfishing and certain fishing methods are also destroying some fish populations. Marine mammals can get caught and drown in the nets. • Although it is illegal, some ships discard fishing lines into the ocean where they can strangle and kill fish and seals. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems • The arctic ecosystems at the North and South Poles depend on marine ecosystems because nearly all the food comes from the ocean. • The Arctic Ocean is rich in nutrients from the surrounding landmasses and supports large populations of plankton, which feed a diversity of fish in the open water and under the ice. • These fish are food for ocean birds, whales and seals. Fish and seals then provide food for polar bears and people on land. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems • The Antarctic is the only continent never colonized by humans. It is governed by an international commission and is used mainly for research. • Even during the summer, only a few plants grow at the edges of the continent. • So, as in the Arctic, plankton form the basis of the Antarctic food web, nourishing large numbers of fish, whales, and birds such as penguins. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Bellringer Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Life Zones in a Lake Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater Wetlands in the United States Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Bellringer Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems The Formation of Estuaries Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Organisms living in coastal areas must adapt to what changes? A. B. C. D. water level and degree of salinity water level and amount of sunlight temperature and availability of oxygen temperature and availability of nutrients Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Organisms living in coastal areas must adapt to what changes? A. B. C. D. water level and degree of salinity water level and amount of sunlight temperature and availability of oxygen temperature and availability of nutrients Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have been linked to the widespread destruction of what kind of marine ecosystem? F. G. H. I. coastal wetlands coral reefs mangrove swamps salt marshes Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have been linked to the widespread destruction of what kind of marine ecosystem? F. G. H. I. coastal wetlands coral reefs mangrove swamps salt marshes Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following correctly lists types of organisms in aquatic ecosystems from shallowest to deepest? A. B. C. D. plankton, nekton, benthos plankton, benthos, nekton benthos, plankton, nekton benthos, nekton, plankton Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following correctly lists types of organisms in aquatic ecosystems from shallowest to deepest? A. B. C. D. plankton, nekton, benthos plankton, benthos, nekton benthos, plankton, nekton benthos, nekton, plankton Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the difference between swamps and marshes? F. Marshes attract birds, swamps attract amphibians. G. Marshes are freshwater, swamps are saltwater. H. Marshes contain non-woody plants, swamps contain woody plants. I. Marshes are mostly in the southeast U. S. , swamps in the northeast U. S. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the difference between swamps and marshes? F. Marshes attract birds, swamps attract amphibians. G. Marshes are freshwater, swamps are saltwater. H. Marshes contain non-woody plants, swamps contain woody plants. I. Marshes are mostly in the southeast U. S. , swamps in the northeast U. S. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which of the following would be considered among the most productive of ecosystems? A. B. C. D. barrier island estuary river salt marsh Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which of the following would be considered among the most productive of ecosystems? A. B. C. D. barrier island estuary river salt marsh Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use this map to answer questions 6 through 8. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. If a water sample contains mayfly nymphs, what can you conclude about the water quality of the area where the sample was taken? F. The area has generally poor water quality. G. The area has generally good water quality. H. The water quality cannot be determined from such a sample. I. The water in the area has been chemically treated for pollutants. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. If a water sample contains mayfly nymphs, what can you conclude about the water quality of the area where the sample was taken? F. The area has generally poor water quality. G. The area has generally good water quality. H. The water quality cannot be determined from such a sample. I. The water in the area has been chemically treated for pollutants. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. What group of organisms could be seen only in a sample taken from unpolluted waters? A. B. C. D. leeches and caddisfly larvae leeches and dragonfly nymphs leeches and midge larvae leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. What group of organisms could be seen only in a sample taken from unpolluted waters? A. B. C. D. leeches and caddisfly larvae leeches and dragonfly nymphs leeches and midge larvae leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. Water Sample A contains only leeches. Water Sample B contains leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae. What comparison can be made between Samples A and B? F. Both samples A and B have the same water quality. G. Both samples came from the same water source. H. Sample A has relatively poorer water quality than sample B. I. Sample B has relatively poorer water quality than sample A. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. Water Sample A contains only leeches. Water Sample B contains leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae. What comparison can be made between Samples A and B? F. Both samples A and B have the same water quality. G. Both samples came from the same water source. H. Sample A has relatively poorer water quality than sample B. I. Sample B has relatively poorer water quality than sample A. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.