Chapter 7 Political Parties American Government Policy Politics

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Chapter 7 Political Parties American Government: Policy & Politics, Eighth Edition TANNAHILL Pearson Education,

Chapter 7 Political Parties American Government: Policy & Politics, Eighth Edition TANNAHILL Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

In This Chapter We Will Cover: • • The party system Party organization The

In This Chapter We Will Cover: • • The party system Party organization The history of parties in America The party balance Voting patterns Issue orientation Divided government Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

The Party System • A political party is a group of individuals who join

The Party System • A political party is a group of individuals who join together to seek government office in order to make public policy. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

The Party System • A two-party system divides voter loyalties between two major political

The Party System • A two-party system divides voter loyalties between two major political parties resulting in the near exclusion of minor parties. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

The Party System • A plurality election system awards office to candidates with the

The Party System • A plurality election system awards office to candidates with the most votes. Use of this form of election may account for the U. S. having a two-party system. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

The Party System • A third party is a minor party in a two-party

The Party System • A third party is a minor party in a two-party system. Over the last decade, the U. S. has seen an upsurge in activity by independent and third party candidates. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Party Organization • In a multiparty system voter loyalties are divided among three or

Party Organization • In a multiparty system voter loyalties are divided among three or more parties. • In a system with proportional representation legislative seats are awarded to each party based on their popular voting strength. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Party Organization • The organization of political parties in the United States reflects the

Party Organization • The organization of political parties in the United States reflects the federal system, with organizations at both the state and national levels. – State level: Executive party committees are elected by party activists who participate in local party meetings, district conventions, and state party conventions. The executive committee usually elects the state party chair. – National committee and national chair: lead the national party organization. When the party controls the White House, the president handpicks the national chairperson. – The goal of political parties is to control the government. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Party Identification, 7 -Point Scale, 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Party Identification, 7 -Point Scale, 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Party Fund-raising, 1994 -2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Party Fund-raising, 1994 -2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

The History of Parties in America • First Party Era, 1790 s to Early

The History of Parties in America • First Party Era, 1790 s to Early 1820 s – (The Federalists vs. The Jeffersonians) America’s first political parties emerged from the policy conflict between two members of George Washington’s administration. • Second Party Era, the 1820 s to 1860 – (The Democrats vs. The Whigs) After the demise of the Federalists, the United States experienced a brief one party period. • Third Party Era, 1860 to 1896 – (The Democrats vs. The Republicans) Slavery split the parties. Anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs joined other Pearson Education, Longman © 2006 minor parties to form the. Inc. , Republicans.

The History of Parties in America • Fourth Party Era, 1896 to 1932 –

The History of Parties in America • Fourth Party Era, 1896 to 1932 – The 1896 presidential election between Democrat William Jennings Bryan and Republican William Mc. Kinley was a watershed, changing the party balance in favor of the Republicans for the next 30 years. • Fifth Party Era, 1932 to 1980 – The Great Depression set the stage for the fifth party era. When the economy collapsed, many voters blamed Republican President Herbert Hoover in 1932. • Sixth Party Era, Since 1980 – This era is characterized by new voting patterns, a Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006 different party Pearson balance, and divided government.

The Party Balance • Party Identification – Democrats have enjoyed a slim advantage in

The Party Balance • Party Identification – Democrats have enjoyed a slim advantage in party identification for most of the current party era except in 1991 during the Persian Gulf War and in the months after the terrorists attack of September 11, 2001. • Offices Held – Today each political party has a significant hold on public office at both the national and state levels. • Money – Republicans enjoy a fundraising edge over the Democrats. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Voting Patterns • • • Income Race and ethnicity Education Gender Age Family and

Voting Patterns • • • Income Race and ethnicity Education Gender Age Family and lifestyle status Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Voting Patterns • • Region Political ideology Religion Place of residence Pearson Education, Inc.

Voting Patterns • • Region Political ideology Religion Place of residence Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Issue Orientation • In the past several decades, the parties have grown further apart

Issue Orientation • In the past several decades, the parties have grown further apart in philosophies. The split is usually described as being between liberalism (Democrats) and conservatism (Republicans). • Democrats favored ratification of the Global Warming Treaty. • Republicans called the treaty unrealistic. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Issue Orientation • The Democratic platform called for targeted tax cuts to help people

Issue Orientation • The Democratic platform called for targeted tax cuts to help people save for college, improve their job skills, pay for health insurance, afford childcare, save for retirement, and care for elderly or disabled loved ones. • The Republican platform proposed broad-based tax cuts and the elimination of the inheritance tax. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Issue Orientation • The Democrats support legal protection for abortion. • Republicans endorsed a

Issue Orientation • The Democrats support legal protection for abortion. • Republicans endorsed a constitutional amendment to outlaw abortion in all circumstances. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Selected 2004 Democratic and Republican Party Platform Positions Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman ©

Selected 2004 Democratic and Republican Party Platform Positions Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Selected 2004 Democratic and Republican Party Platform Positions Continued Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman

Selected 2004 Democratic and Republican Party Platform Positions Continued Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Divided Government Divided government (one party controlling the legislature while the other holds the

Divided Government Divided government (one party controlling the legislature while the other holds the executive) has become commonplace in recent decades. Between 1952 and 2000, eight elections resulted in unified government while 16 elections produced divided government. Divided government is common at the state level as well. After the 1998 election, the governors in 26 states faced legislatures with at least one chamber controlled by the opposition party. Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Party Control of Executive and Legislative Branches of American National Government Since 1969 Pearson

Party Control of Executive and Legislative Branches of American National Government Since 1969 Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Concluding Review Questions • How do parties differ from interest groups? • Why does

Concluding Review Questions • How do parties differ from interest groups? • Why does America have a two-party system? • What do the national political party organizations do? • What was the nature of party politics in each of the nation’s party eras? Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

Concluding Review Questions • What are the characteristics of the current party era? •

Concluding Review Questions • What are the characteristics of the current party era? • What are the reasons for the emergence of divided government? • What role do political parties play in the policy process? Pearson Education, Inc. , Longman © 2006

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