Chapter 7 Part C The Skeleton Annie LeibovitzContact
Chapter 7 Part C The Skeleton © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College
Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton • Consists of bones of the limbs and their girdles – Pectoral girdle • Attaches upper limbs to body trunk – Pelvic girdle • Attaches lower limbs to body trunk © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
7. 4 The Pectoral Girdle • Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) consists of clavicles (anteriorly) and scapulae (posteriorly) – Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton – Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs – Offer great degree of mobility because: • Scapulae are not attached to axial skeleton • Socket of shoulder joint is shallow and does not restrict movement © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 25 The pectoral girdle with articulating bones. Acromioclavicular joint Clavicle Scapula © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clavicles • Also called collarbones • S-shaped sternal end articulates with sternum medially • Flattened acromial end articulates laterally with scapula • Anchor muscles and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 26 a The clavicle. Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Right clavicle, superior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 26 b The clavicle. Acromial end Trapezoid line Anterior Posterior Conoid tubercle Right clavicle, inferior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Sternal end
Scapulae • Also called shoulder blades; thin, triangular flat bones on dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7 • Each scapula has three borders – Superior: shortest, sharpest border – Medial (vertebral): runs parallel to spine – Lateral (axillary): near armpit, ends superiorly in glenoid cavity fossa (shoulder joint) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scapulae (cont. ) • Each scapula has three angles where borders meet: – Superior angle: between superior and medial – Lateral angle: between superior and lateral – Inferior angle: between medial and lateral © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scapulae (cont. ) • Bone features – Spine: prominent ridge posteriorly – Acromion: lateral projection that articulates with acromial end of clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint – Coracoid process: anterior projection that anchors bicep muscle of arm – Suprascapular notch: opening for nerves – Several large fossae named according to location © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 27 a The scapula. Acromion Suprascapular notch Coracoid process Superior border Superior angle Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 27 b The scapula. Suprascapular notch Coracoid process Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Lateral border
Figure 7. 27 c The scapula. Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Posterior Subscapular fossa Anterior Acromion Supraspinous fossa Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Infraspinous fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Inferior angle Right scapula, lateral aspect © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
7. 5 The Upper Limb • 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb – Arm • Humerus – Forearm • Radius and ulna – Hand • 8 carpal bones in the wrist • 5 metacarpal bones in the palm • 14 phalanges in the fingers © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arm • Humerus: only bone of the arm; the largest and longest bone of upper limb • Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula • Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arm (cont. ) • Bone features – Head: proximal end that fits into glenoid cavity of scapula – Anatomical neck: slight constriction inferior to head – Greater tubercle is separated from lesser tubercle by the intertubercular sulcus • Sites of attachment of rotator cuff muscles – Surgical neck: most frequently fractured part of humerus © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arm (cont. ) • Bone features (cont. ) – Deltoid tuberosity: about midway down shaft; site of deltoid muscle attachment – Radial groove: carries radial nerve – Trochlea: distal hourglass-shaped condyle – Capitulum: distal ball-like condyle – Medial and lateral epicondyles: points of muscle attachment – Medial and lateral supracondyle ridges – Fossae: coronoid, olecranon, and radial © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 28 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Head of humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Lateral supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Photo, anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Head of humerus Anatomical neck Radial groove Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Medial supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Capitulum Greater tubercle Lateral epicondyle Trochlea Illustration, anterior view Illustration, posterior view
Figure 7. 28 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow (continued). Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Head of radius Radial tuberosity Radius Anterior view at the elbow region © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Trochlea Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Humerus Olecranon fossa Olecranon Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Head Neck Ulna Posterior view of extended elbow Radius
Forearm • Two parallel bones form forearm skeleton: ulna and radius • Proximal ends articulate with humerus and each other • Distally articulate with each other at the radioulnar joint • Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Forearm (cont. ) • Ulna – Medial bone in forearm – Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus – Bone features • Olecranon and coronoid processes: grip trochlea of humerus, forming hinge joint – Processes separated by trochlear notch • Radial notch: articulates with head of radius • Ulnar head: knoblike distal portion • Ulnar styloid process: ligament attachment © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Forearm (cont. ) • Radius – Lateral bone in forearm – Bone features • Head: articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna • Radial tuberosity: anchors biceps • Ulnar notch: articulates with ulna • Radial styloid process: anchors ligaments © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 29 Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Olecranon Head Neck Coronoid process Radial notch of the ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Head of radius Neck of radius Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process Photo, anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Radial styloid process Ulnar styloid process Distal radioulnar joint Illustration, anterior view Radial styloid process r Illustration, posterior view
Figure 7. 29 Radius and ulna of the right forearm (continued). Ulnar notch of radius Olecranon View Articulation for lunate Trochlear notch Articulation for scaphoid Coronoid process Radial styloid process Radial notch View Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7. 5 • Colles’ fracture: break in distal end of radius • Very common fracture because person falling attempts to break fall with outstretched hands © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hand • Bones of the hand include carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges • Carpus (wrist): eight bones in two rows • Proximal row: lateral to medial – Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform • Distal row: lateral to medial – Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate – Only scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form wrist joint © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hand (cont. ) • Metacarpus (palm) – Five metacarpal bones (I to V from thumb to little finger) form the palm • Bases articulate with carpals, and heads articulate with proximal phalanges • Phalanges (fingers) – Fingers (digits): numbered I to V starting at thumb (pollex) – Digit I (pollex) has two bones: no middle phalanx – Digits II to V have three bones: distal, middle, and proximal phalanx © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 30 Bones of the right hand. Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Carpals • Hamate • Capitate • Pisiform • Triquetrum • Lunate V Ulna Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. IV III Metacarpals • Head • Shaft • Base Sesamoid bones II I Carpals • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Scaphoid I II Radius III IV V Carpals • Hamate • Capitate • Triquetrum • Lunate Ulna Posterior view
Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7. 6 • Median nerve and tendons travel through carpal tunnel – Tunnel formed by ligaments through wrist • Carpal tunnel syndrome can occur from overuse and inflammation of tendons, which can compress median nerve, causing tingling and numbness © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
7. 6 The Pelvic Girdle • Also called hip girdle; is formed by 2 hip bones (coxal bones, or os coxae) and sacrum – Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments – Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs – Support pelvic organs • Less mobility but more stability than shoulder joint • Three fused bones form coxal bone – Ilium, ischium, and pubis – Deep socket, acetabulum, formed at point of fusion receives head of femur © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 31 Pelvis. Base of sacrum Iliac crest Iliac fossa llium Hip bone (coxal bone or os coxae) Sacrum Pubis Coccyx Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic brim Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Ischium Pubic arch © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ilium • Ilium – Superior region of coxal bone – Auricular surface articulates with sacrum (sacroiliac joint) • Ischium – Posteroinferior part of hip bone • Pubis – Anterior portion of hip bone – Pubis joins at pubic symphysis joint © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ilium (cont. ) • Superior region of hip bone • Consists of body and winglike ala – Iliac crests: thickened superior margin of ala – Iliac crest ends at anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine • Greater sciatic notch: sciatic nerve passage • Gluteal surface contains three ridges: posterior, and inferior gluteal lines • Iliac fossa: concavity on ala • Auricular surface articulates with sacrum • Arcuate line: defines pelvic brim © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ischium • Posteroinferior part of hip bone • Consists of body and ramus • Three important markings: – Ischial spine – Lesser sciatic notch – Ischial tuberosity © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pubis • V-shaped anterior portion of hip bone • Consists of the body and superior and inferior pubic rami • Anterior border forms the pubic crest • Lateral end forms pubic tubercle • Obturator foramen: large opening formed by rami and body • Pubic bones join at pubic symphysis • Pubic arch (subpubic angle): formed by rami; main difference between male and female pelves © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 32 a The hip (coxal) bones. Anterior gluteal line Ilium Ala Posterior gluteal line Iliac crest Posterior superior i. Iiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial body Ischial spine Pubic body Lesser sciatic notch Pubis Ischium Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral view, right hip bone Obturator foramen Inferior pubic ramus
Figure 7. 32 b The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Posterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Arcuate line Iliac fossa Body of the ilium Superior pubic ramus Pubic tubercle Pubis Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Inferior pubic ramus © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial view, right hip bone Posterior inferior iliac spine Auricular surface Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Ischium Ischial ramus
Pelvic Structure and Childbearing • Pelvis: formed by hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx • Female pelvis tends to be wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder than male’s – Adapted for childbearing • Pelvic brim (pelvic inlet): continuous oval ridge that runs from pubic crest through arcuate line and sacral promontory • False pelvis: superior to pelvic brim • True pelvis: inferior to pelvic brim; defines birth canal – Pelvic outlet: inferior margin of true pelvis © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7. 4 -1 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7. 4 -2 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (continued) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7. 4 -3 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (continued) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
7. 7 The Lower Limb • Carries entire weight of erect body • Subjected to exceptional forces during jumping or running • Three segments of lower limb – Thigh – Leg – Foot © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thigh • Femur is largest and strongest bone in the body, making up about one-fourth of person’s height • Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella • Patella: sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon that protects knee joint © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thigh (cont. ) • Bone features – Fovea capitis: small pit in ball-like head – Greater and lesser trochanters: muscle attachment sites • Trochanters connected by intertrochanteric line and intertrochanteric crest – Gluteal tuberosity blends into linea aspera, which diverges into medial and lateral supracondylar lines © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thigh (cont. ) • Bone features (cont. ) – Distally, femur ends in lateral and medial condyles that articulate with tibia – Medial and lateral epicondyles: sites of muscle attachment • Adductor tubercle: medial epicondyle bump – Patellar surface: articulates with patella – Intercondylar fossa: lies between condyles © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 33 Bones of the right knee and thigh. Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Head Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Apex Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Surface for patellar ligament Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa Posterior Patella (kneecap) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Patellar surface Anterior view Femur (thigh bone) Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Posterior view
Table 7. 5 -2 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton, Part 2: Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb (continued) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Leg • Made up of two parallel bones, tibia and fibula – Connected by interosseous membrane • Tibia: medial leg bone that receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot • Fibula – Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur – Several muscles originate from fibula – Articulates proximally and distally with tibia © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Leg (cont. ) • Bone features – Tibia • • • Medial and lateral condyles Intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity Anterior border Medial malleolus Fibular notch – Fibular: • Head • Lateral malleolus © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 34 a The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Head Superior tibiofibular joint Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibula Tibia Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Anterior view
Figure 7. 34 The tibia and fibula of the right leg (continued). Lateral condyle Fibula articulates here Tibial tuberosity Line for soleus muscle Anterior view, proximal tibia © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view, proximal tibia
Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7. 7 • Pott’s fracture occurs at distal end of fibula, the tibia, or both • Common sports injury © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 34 c The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Parts of fractured fibula © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. X ray of Pott’s fracture of the fibula
Foot • Skeleton of foot includes bones of tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges • Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones form posterior half – Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus (heel) – Calcaneal tuberosity: part that touches ground • Sustentacular tali (talar shelf): supports talus – Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Foot (cont. ) • Metatarsals – Five metatarsal bones (I to V from hallux to little toe) – Enlarged head of metatarsal I forms “ball of the foot” • Phalanges – 14 bones of toes – Digit I (hallux, great toe) has two bones: no middle phalanx – Digits II to V have three bones: distal, middle, and proximal phalanx © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 35 a Bones of the right foot. Distal Middle Proximal Medial cuneiform I ll lll IV Metatarsals V Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Talus Trochlea of talus Superior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges Calcaneus Tarsals
Figure 7. 35 b Bones of the right foot. Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal Medial view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial Talus malleolar facet Navicular Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity
Figure 7. 35 c Bones of the right foot. Lateral Navicular malleolar facet Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Talus Calcaneus Lateral view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Cuboid Fifth metatarsal
Foot (cont. ) • Arches of the foot – Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons – Allow foot to bear weight – Three arches • Lateral longitudinal: low curve that elevates lateral part of foot • Medial longitudinal: arch curves upwards • Transverse: runs obliquely from one side of foot to other © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 36 a Arches of the foot. Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch Lateral aspect of right foot © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7. 36 b Arches of the foot. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. X ray, medial aspect of right foot
Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7. 8 • Fallen arches, also called “flat feet, ” result from stress on tendons and ligaments of feet • Can be caused by: – Standing immobile for extended periods of time – Running on hard surfaces without proper arch support © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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