Chapter 7 Objects and Classes 1 Fall 2012

Chapter 7 Objects and Classes 1 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Content § § § § 2 Classes and Objects How to define classes Reference Type and default value Using classes from the java library Visibility Modifiers Data Field Encapsulation Static variables Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Classes and Objects § § § A Java program consists of one or more classes A class is an abstract description of objects Here is an example class: – § 3 class Dog {. . . description of a dog goes here. . . } Here are some objects of that class: Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

More Objects § § 4 Here is another example of a class: – class Window {. . . } Here are some examples of Windows: Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

OO Programming Concepts § Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves programming using objects. – – 5 Fall 2012 A class is a piece of the program’s source code that describes a particular type of objects. An object is called an instance of a class. A program can create and use more than one object (instance) of the same class. CS 2302: Programming Principles

Class § § § 6 A blueprint for objects of a particular type Defines the structure (number, types) of the attributes Defines available behaviors of its objects Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles Object §Attributes §Behaviors

Class: Car § Attributes: § § § § Fall 2012 § String model Color color int num. Passengers double amount. Of. Gas Behaviors: § 7 Object: a car Add/remove a passenger Get the tank filled Report when out of gas CS 2302: Programming Principles Attributes: § § § model = "Mustang" color = Color. YELLOW num. Passengers = 0 amount. Of. Gas = 16. 5 Behaviors:

Defining Classes for Objects § Class – § Object – – § User-defined data type Instance of class, A role of variable Define a correspond class to define a object Define a class Describe the structure of object Data Field(variable, constant) [modifier] class Class. Name { // field declarations public, final, //Constructors abstract // method declarations Define actions of object } Method Field 8 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Constructors 9 § Short procedures for creating objects of a class § Always have the same name as the class § Initialize the object’s fields § May take parameters, but no returns § A class may have several constructors that differ in the number and/or types of their parameters Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Class Example 10 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Object Example 11 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Class § § 12 A piece of the program’s source code Written by a programmer Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles vs. Object § An entity in a running program § Created when the program is running (by the main method or a constructor or another method)

Class 13 vs. § Specifies the structure (the number and types) of its objects’ attributes — the same for all of its objects § Specifies the possible behaviors of its objects Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles Object § Holds specific values of attributes; these values can change while the program is running § Behaves appropriately when called upon

Diagram of program structure Program File Class File Variables Constructors Variables File Statements Methods Variables Statements § § 14 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles A program consists of one or more classes Typically, each class is in a separate. java file

Object type is a Reference Type § 15 Go over the textbook slides from page 29 to 38 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Encapsulation §Encapsulation is one of the four fundamental OOP concepts. The other three are inheritance (is the capability of a class to use the properties and methods of another class), polymorphism (more than one form), and abstraction (simplifying complex reality by modeling classes ). §Encapsulation can be described as a protective barrier that prevents the code and data being randomly accessed by other code defined outside the class. Access to the data and code is tightly controlled by an interface. §Encapsulation provides a technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access to the fields via public methods. 16 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Benefits of Encapsulation § The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-only. § A class can have total control over what is stored in its fields. § The users of a class do not know (like a blackbox) how the class stores its data. A class can change the data type of a field, and users of the class do not need to change any of their code. 17 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Encapsulation Implementation § If a field is declared private, it cannot be accessed by anyone outside the class, thereby hiding the fields within the class. For this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding. § A class interacts with other classes only through constructors and public methods § Other classes do not need to know the mechanics (implementation details) of a class to use it effectively example of Encapsulation 18 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Visibility Modifiers § § § 19 We accomplish encapsulation through the appropriate use of visibility modifiers Visibility modifiers specify which parts of the program may see and use any particular class/method/field A modifier is a Java reserved word that specifies particular characteristics of a programming construct We've used the modifier final to define a constant Java has three visibility modifiers: public, private, and protected We will discuss the protected modifier later in the course Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Visibility Modifiers - Classes § § 20 A class can be defined either with the public modifier or without a visibility modifier. If a class is declared as public it can be used by any other class If a class is declared without a visibility modifier it has a default visibility. The default modifier restricts access to the same package. Classes that define a new type of objects, that are supposed to be used anywhere, should be declared public. Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Visibility Modifiers - Members A member is a field, a method or a constructor of the class. Members of a class can be declared as private, protected, public or without a visibility modifier: § § § 21 private int hours; public int hours; Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Public Visibility § § § 22 Members that are declared as public can be accessed from any class that can access the class of the member Example: the methods get. Hours(), second. Elapsed() and set. Time() are part of the interface of class Clock so we define them as public. We do not want to reveal the internal representation of the object’s data. So we usually declare its state variables as private (encapsulation). Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Private Visibility § § § 23 A class member that is declared as private, can be accessed only by code that is within the class of this member. We hide the internal implementation of the class by declaring its state variables and auxiliary methods as private. Data hiding is essential for encapsulation. Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Illegal Access - example // Example of illegal access class Bank. Account. Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Bank. Account victim = new Bank. Account(2398742); victim. balance = victim. balance - 500; // this will not compile! } } public class Bank. Account { private long account. Number; private double balance; // … 24 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Encapsulation - example public void transfer(double amount, Bank. Account target. Account) { withdraw(amount); target. Account. deposit(amount); } // alternative version (valid, but not so nice) public void transfer(double amount, Bank. Account target. Account) { balance -= amount; target. Account. balance += amount; } 25 Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Getters/Accessors and Setters/Mutators Methods class Clock { Private String time; void set. Time (String t) {time = t; } String get. Time() {return time; } } class Clock. Test. Drive { public static void main (String [] args){ Cock c = new Clock(); c. set. Time("12345") String tod = c. get. Time(); System. out. println(time: " + tod); } 27 } Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Encapsulation § § Constructors and methods can call other public and private methods of the same class. Constructors and methods can call only public methods of another class. §Class §private § § 27 X §Class field public method § public method private method § Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles Y

The Static Modifier 28 § The static modifier can be applied to variables or methods. § It associates a variable or method with the class rather than an object. § Methods that are declared as static do not act upon any particular object. They just encapsulate a given task, a given algorithm. Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Static Variables § It is a variable which belongs to the class and not to object (instance) --- class variable § A single copy to be shared by all instances of the class § A static variable can be accessed directly by the class name and doesn’t need any object – 29 Fall 2012 Syntax : <class-name>. <variable-name> CS 2302: Programming Principles

Static Methods 31 § It is a method which belongs to the class and not to the object(instance) § A static method can access only static data. It can not access nonstatic data (instance variables) § A static method can call only other static methods and can not call a non-static method from it. § A static method can be accessed directly by the class name and doesn’t need any object – Syntax : <class-name>. <method-name> § A static method cannot refer to “this” or “super” keywords in anyway Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Static Variables - Example public class Bank. Account { private long account. Number; private double balance; private static int number. Of. Accounts = 0; public Bank. Account() { this. account. Number = ++number. Of. Accounts; this. balance = 0; } public static int get. Number. Of. Accounts { return number. Of. Accounts; } 30 } Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles

Summary § § A program consists of one or more classes A class is a description of a kind of object – § A class describes data, constructors, and methods – – – § 32 In most cases, it is the objects that do the actual work An object’s data is information about that object An object’s methods describe how the object behaves A constructor is used to create objects of the class Methods (and constructors) may contain temporary data and statements (commands) Fall 2012 CS 2302: Programming Principles