Chapter 7 Nursing Theory Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer

Chapter 7 Nursing Theory Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Introduction • First nurse theorist – Florence Nightingale • Book: Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not. Nursing is the desire, intent, and obligation to apply knowledge, skills, values, meanings, and experience for, with, or on behalf of those requiring or requesting assistance to achieve and maintain their desired state of health and wellness. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Nurse Theorists and Theories • Chapter covers nurse theorists in chronological order, starting with Florence Nightingale. • 17 other nursing theorists • Theories selected for inclusion have significance for today’s nurse. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Florence Nightingale and Nursing Theory • Born May 12, 1820 • Died August 13, 1910 • Wrote first book on nursing theory: Notes on Nursing • Prolific writer who advanced nursing significantly • 12 fundamental concepts to nursing at the time • Box 7. 1 Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Development in the 1950 s • Hildegard Peplau • Virginia Henderson Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Hildegard E. Peplau: Interpersonal Relations in Nursing— 1952 • Born September 1, 1909 • Died March 17, 1999 • Theory: interpersonal relations in nursing – Changed role of patient from object to partner in care – Grounded in interpersonal theory Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Virginia Avenal Henderson: Definition of Nursing— 1955 • Born November 30, 1897 • Died March 9, 1996 • Theory: definition of nursing • Henderson defined nursing and contributed to the development of nursing knowledge through study of nursing research. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Nursing Theory in the 1960 s • Faye Abdellah’s patient-centered approaches theory in 1960 • Ida Jean Orlando’s nursing process model in 1961 • Dorothy Johnson’s behavioral system model for nursing in 1968 • Myra Levine’s four conservation principles in 1969 Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Faye Glenn Abdellah: Patient-Centered Approaches Theory— 1960 • Born in New York City in 1919 • Retired in 2002; lives in Maryland • Recognized as leader in health and public policy in the U. S. • Theory began with her doctoral dissertation focused on improving clinical teaching in nursing • Box 7. 5 overview Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier): Nursing Process Theory— 1961 • Born August 12, 1926 • Retired in 1992; lives in Massachusetts • Theory of the nursing process significant influence in nursing education • First to test the nursing process in practice Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dorothy E. Johnson: Behavioral System Model for Nursing— 1968 • Born August 21, 1919 • Died February 4, 1999 • Early focus on science of nursing and nursing knowledge needed in practice • Theory based on von Bertalanffy’s open system theory and the person’s response to the stress of illness Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Myra Estrin Levine: Conservation Principles: A Model for Health— 1969 • Born in 1920 • Died March 20, 1996 • Original theory not intended as a nursing theory • Model developed to provide graduate curriculum to integrate all major nursing concepts and focus on maintaining patient’s ability to adapt Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Nursing Theory in the 1970 s • Martha Rogers’s science of unitary man in 1970 • Sister Callista Roy’s adaptation model in 1970 • Dorothea Orem’s self-care deficit theory in 1971 • The University of British Columbia’s directions for practice model in 1976 • Evelyn Adam’s conceptual model for nursing in 1979 • Margaret Newman’s model of health in 1979 • Imogene King’s theory of goal setting in 1971 • Jean Watson’s theory of human caring in 1979 • Betty Neuman’s systems model in 1974 Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Martha E. Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings— 1970 • Born May 2, 1914 • Died March 15, 1994 • Abstract in nature, initially understood by very few • Theory of nursing knowledge and nursing science as a distinct body of knowledge used to help people improve their health • Incorporated idea of energy fields between human and environment Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model— 1970 • Born October 14, 1939 • Still teaching and publishing • Used observations of children adapting to illnesses and based her theory on her observations • Theory is based on individuals as systems that adapt to health and illness problems, including concepts of nursing, health, and environment Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dorothea E. Orem: Theory of Self-Care Deficit— 1971 • Born in 1914 • Died June 22, 2007 • Theory is of self-care deficit in nursing • Incorporates when the patient and the family are not able to provide care and the needs are met by the nurse • Describes and explains when people need nursing care Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Imogene M. King: Theory of Goal Attainment— 1971 • Born January 30, 1923 • Died December 24, 2007 • Identified questions about nursing decision making • Theory is transaction process model for mutual goal setting in situations • Initially used in advanced nursing education Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Betty Neuman: Neuman Systems Model— 1974 • Born 1924 • Lives in Ohio and practices as licensed clinical marriage and family therapist • Known around the world for her theory • Originally developed as a teaching tool for mental health clinical specialist in graduate program • Based on open systems theory • Major components of model are stress and reaction to stress; goal is to achieve optimal client stability. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The University of British Columbia (UBC) Model for Nursing— 1976 • Designed by several faculty members at UBC School of Nursing • Inspired by Johnson’s model, provides structure for combining general knowledge about human health and illness and specific knowledge about individual patients • Broadened the view of human experience • Composed of nine basic human needs Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Evelyn Adam: Conceptual Model for Nursing — 1979 (French) and 1980 (English) • Born April 9, 1929 • Retired in 1989; lives in Montreal • Work focuses on development of models and theories • Contributes to theory development and clarification of models of Johnson and Henderson • Nurse’s independent contribution to health services Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Margaret A. Newman: Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness— 1979 • Born October 10, 1933 • Retired in 1996; lives in Minneapolis • Explored relationships between time, movement, and space and relation to health and illness • Based on Martha Rogers’s science of unitary human beings • Theory of health as expanding consciousness considers health and illness components of unitary process as pattern of wholeness Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

M. Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring — 1979 • Born in West Virginia • Serves as a distinguished professor • Theory of nursing: human science and caring is known worldwide • Defined by 10 “carative” factors as the core of nursing • Used by nurses who adopt caring and commit to caring for the patient Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Nursing Theory in the 1980 s • Rosemarie Parse’s theory of human becoming in 1981 • Patricia Benner’s skill acquisition model in 1984 • Madeleine Leininger’s theory on culture care diversity and universality in 1985 • Mc. Gill University’s practice-based model in 1987 Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Theory of Human Becoming— 1981 • Retired as chair and professor emeritus from Loyola University in Chicago • Founding editor of Nursing Science Quarterly • Introduced as man-living-health theory dealing with man’s total experience in health • Designed to consider the person as a whole, not in traditional way of systems or fragments • Person is whole part of the larger environment interacting with all around. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Patricia Benner: Model of Skill Acquisition in Nursing— 1984 • Born in 1942 • Currently directs the Carnegie National Nursing Education Study • Developed model of skill acquisition in nursing • Five levels of skill – Novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert – Used in all areas of nursing Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Madeleine M. Leininger: Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory— 1985 • Resides in Nebraska • First nurse to study anthropology at doctoral level • Initially focused on importance of caring in nursing • Transcultural nursing developed from caring and is now a subfield of nursing practice with focus on – Cultural values, beliefs, and practices of individuals with goal of providing culture-specific care Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Moyra Allen: Mc. Gill Model, Canada: A Practice-Derived Model in Nursing— 1986 • Developed with faculty, students, and nurses in community practice in Mc. Gill University area • Based on change in healthcare delivery in Canada to redefine role of the nurse to provide healthcare to all • Now a framework for Mc. Gill University curriculum with four major concepts – Health, family, collaboration, and learning Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Nursing Theory in the 1990 s and 2000 • Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer’s nursing as caring in 1993 • Prince Edward Island’s conceptual model for nursing in 2000 Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer: Theory of Nursing as Caring— 1993 • Worked on theory when together at Florida Atlantic University • Foundation of theory is that “all persons are caring” • Define focus of nursing as both a discipline and profession, as nursing persons living, caring, and growing together Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

University of Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada: Conceptual Model for Nursing: A Perspective of Primary Health Care— 2000 • Eight faculty members of University of PEI and consultant from Canadian Department of Health • A primary healthcare model • Intended to provide guidance to move toward a need for primary healthcare practice for people Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

A Global View of Nursing Theory • Theory is expansive across the globe. • Theories are shared and adapted between countries and across the world. • Adapted to the population and its needs Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Summary • Rise of theory began in the 1950 s. • Recently published theories incorporate focus on caring and primary care. • Much time is used in development of theory. • Other theories are in development and will continue to evolve over time and adapt to the needs of nursing and the population. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins