CHAPTER 7 HISTORY OF AFRICA Hunting and Gathering

CHAPTER 7 HISTORY OF AFRICA

Hunting and Gathering

Egypt Kingdoms

The Nile River � Impact of Geography � Geography for the Nile River Valley Civilization was very important. The Nile would flood each year starting in July and lasting until November. This flood would provide new, rich soil for the Egyptians and would wash away waste. The seas around the civilization served a barrier against war and disease

The Nile Economy The inhabitants of the Nile River Valley Civilization depended heavily on farming. Close proximity to the Nile allowed easy access to water needed for crops. Seasonal flooding fertilized the land for the next year's crops. Agriculture was essential for survival, growth, and economic success.

Nile River Kingdoms in Egypt

Nubia

Social Status Ancient Africa � King had a special status Female companion also had a special status Ruler of the land Ruling Class: Related or of high importance of the King Craftsman: Craftsman make weapons and tools for the people Work on the decorations for tombs Farmers: Most people of the Nile tribes were farmers that can only be vaguely distinguished by their tombs. � Marginalized Groups: Very little known about the people. Did not live in organized structures Acted as military Slaves: Little evidence of slavery Servants were often used and sold.

Social Status Ancient Africa

Buildings/Structures � Pyramids: Ancient Egyptian architecture built for the pharaohs. � Large boats for transport � Rigid structures that held pharaoh at the top, followed by priests, artisans, farmers, and finally slaves.

African History Produced a 365 -day calendar based on astronomy. Developed early Geometry used for designing fields and canals. Hieroglyphics were created and carved on to tablets for communication Religion: Polytheistic religion - Multiple gods

Heiroglyphics Hieroglyphics- Advancement in written language by the Egyptians making it more convenient to record information and ideas.

Egyptian Zodiac

Polytheism. Belief in many gods and goddesses Ra, Shu, Nut and Geb The Egyptians had over 2, 000 gods. There were supreme gods, subsidiary ones. There were gods with specific duties, gods associated with specific tasks, gods worshiped in certain areas, gods enshrined in homes and gods associated with natural manifestations such as water and air. Many had totemist and animal elements. Grasping the pantheon of Egyptian gods and their symbols is a difficult task. Gods can be local or universal. Favored gods and their symbols often changed from year to year and region to region.

Bantu Migration http: //www. eduplace. com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf 3/imaps/AC _06_206_bantu/AC_06_206_bantu. html

Bantu Migration

� � Why the move? No one knows for sure why. These are a few ideas! � Population to big � Disagreements between people � Climate change � Find a better place

Thinking Check… � What is one reason the Bantu-speaking people might have migrated about 4, 000 yrs. ago? � Besides language, the Bantu-speaking people probably what else might they have spread as they migrated?

Chapter 7 -2 Kingdoms, City-States and Empires

Mansu Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca the holy city in Saudi Arabia to profess his belief and his teachings of Islam to his 60, 000 followers on his journey from Western Africa. He also built the empire from the country's wealth and brought European interest in the region.

7 -2 African Kingdoms According to the map, where did Africa’s early kingdoms develop? Why do you think this is?

Empires in Africa

Western Africa Rise of Songhai and Mali � Sometimes history seems to repeat itself. The rise and fall of two medieval kingdoms of West Africa is an example of this. Mali and Songhai, as well as the smaller kingdom of Ghana before them, were once great trading kingdoms famous for their gold.

Songhai � � The empire of Mali, which dated from the early thirteenth century to the late fifteenth century, rose out of what was once the empire of Ghana. Mali rose to greatness under the leadership of a legendary king named Sundiata, the "Lion King. " Later, another great leader named Mansa Musa extended the empire. After his death, however, his sons could not hold the empire together. The smaller states it had conquered broke off, and the empire crumbled. Songhai had been an important trade center within Mali's empire, just as It was the largest and most powerful kingdom in medieval West Africa. The riches of the gold and salt mines drew invaders, though, and in the late sixteenth century a Moroccan army attacked the capital. The Songhai empire, already weakened by internal political struggles, went into decline.

Western Africa Timbukutu � � Timbuktu: A pattern of conquest Looking at the city of Timbuktu, now part of the modern African state of Mali, brings this pattern of turmoil and conquest. In medieval times, Timbuktu was a central spot on the trade routes. During the height of ancient Mali, Timbuktu was one of its most important cities. When Mali declined, Timbuktu was taken over by the Songhai. After the decline of the Songhai empire, Timbuktu was briefly occupied by Moroccan forces, then taken over by the Fulani people and later by the French. Timbuktu's history mirrors the rise and decline of civilizations in the area.

Slave Trade � � At first Africans traded with Europeans as equals. This changed quickly as the wealth of some African nations was evident. When the slave trade ended in the mid-1800’s , millions of Africans had been taken from their homeland, most to never return. European settlers in the American needed workers for their plantations and mines. Some Africans enslaved other Africans and they became wealthy. Many fiercely resisted European conquest.

Slave Trade The history of slavery covers slave systems in historical perspective in which one human being is legally the property of another, can be bought or sold, is not allowed to escape and must work for the owner without any choice involved. Slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world.

Slave Smuggling Routes 1808 -1860

European Coloniasm � By 1914, Europeans rules almost all of Africa. The Dutch, French, English followed the Portuguese. They set up trading posts along Africa’s coast where sailors could get supplies. � European nations competed with one another for the wealth and resources in Africa. � Europeans gained power by encouraging rivalries among African ethnic groups. Europeans took the best land to farm displacing many African families.

Please date your Daily Focus November 27 th: European Conquest Write three generalizations from the map.

Please date your Daily Focus November 28 th : Thinking Check… 17 -3 Use complete sentences in your response. � Why were the Europeans still interested in Africa after the slave trade had ended?

7 -4 South Africa Today Nationalism � http: //www. timeforkids. com/destination/southafrica/history-timeline

African Independence from Daily Focus: Rule th Thursday November 29 Colonial What are two countries that are the newest added independent countries.

Nationalism- Pride in one’s country or homeland. Daily Focus: Friday November 30 th What was the apartheid? When did this end in South Africa? Who was responsible for the ending?

� ANC- African National Congress � Nelson Mandela- Ended S. Africa’s domination of descendents of European colonists. 1994 presidential campaign:

Unstable Governments in Africa � � � Some gained independence peaceful: Ghana/Great Britain Some not so peaceful: Algeria/ France one of the bloodiest most fierce battles for independence. Some are still in conflict because of lack of governing policies and changes taking place even today among culture groups due to unstable and new government policies and regulations.

7 -5 Africa Today � Economic Issues- Farming and Mining most important. What is the difference between commercial and subsistence farming?

Mining in Africa

African Resources

Diamond Mines

Diamond Digging How has mining affected the economies of the countries in Africa?

Social Issues � � � � HIV/AIDS The main reason for lower life expectancy in Africa is childhood diseases. Millions of children are born with HIV every year. Insects spread diseases like malaria. Unclean drinking water and living conditions spread the disease. Many are poor and can’t afford health and medical care, or it is not available. Poor soil for farming, soil erosion reduces land for farming so having adequate space to grow crops is important to feed the many people in the region. 2/3 of the continent is desert.

HIV/AIDS Write two generalizations from the map. Why do you think this is? _____________________

Aswan Dam Text p. 252 Make a list of the advantages and disadvantages of building a dam. Then make conclusion based on your information. Decide if it is worth the cost or not. Explain or support your position.

Aswan High Dam � � � The Aswan Dam is located in southern Egypt. The dam offers many benefits, especially to the people who live along the Nile. Describe one way the Aswan Dam has benefited the people of Egypt? ________________________________________ Describe one way the dam has negatively impacted them. ________________________________________

From Space: Can you find the Aswan? � http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons /2/2 e/Barragem. Assu%C 3%A 3 o. jpg

� http: //www. eduplace. com/kids/socsci/ca/books/ bkf 3/imaps/AC_06_206_bantu/AC_06_206_ba ntu. html

� � http: //www. rivervalleycivilizations. com/nile. php http: //factsanddetails. com/world. php? itemid=23 17&catid=55&subcatid=350 http: //www. learner. org/interactives/collapse/mal i. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_slavery