Chapter 7 Five Basic Sentence Types Sentence Slots

Chapter 7 Five Basic Sentence Types

Sentence Slots n n S Subject Predicate Subj predicate NP n MVint = Intransitive n MVBE = BE as the main verb n MVlink = BE, appear, become, etc… NP 1 n MVtr = Transitive (no object) (requires an object) VP

Sentence Type I What’s the predicate pattern? n n n The customer complained persistently Carla must have enrolled rather early A telephone is ringing Jan snores loudly Fish swim A. Verbs (+ Nouns) B. Verbs (+ Adj’s) C. Verbs (+ Adv’s) D. ADJs (+ Adv’s)

Type I: Intransitive Verb n Sentence ends with: n n n Verbial or Adverbial Tests n Main verb is not “BE” n Divide predicate into phrases If all phrases are VP or ADVP = Intransitive n Test for ADVP by substitution

Common Intransitive Verbs n n n Disappear Complain Snore Rise Fall Sob n n n n Cry Begin Grow Melt See Live Return Ask yourself if the action is done in some way, in some direction or to some degree.

Type I: NP + MVint (+ADV) Type I or not? n n n The bus stops here on Mondays Becky stepped very carelessly into the street It was Tuesday so the bus almost hit her

Find the Type I Construction… A. B.

Sentence Type I Diagramming n (you) Stay downwind (you) Stay__ do wn w ind

Sentence Type I Treeing n (you) Stay downwind S VP NP MVP (you) Stay ADV downwind

Find a Type I Sentence… … in your G & C paper NP + MVint (+ADV)

Sentence Type II What’s the predicate pattern? n n Jesse is outside. Her job interviews were yesterday. The reception will be at noon. Cheryl’s notebook must have been on the desk. A. B. C. D. VIntrans. + ADV manner VTrans. + ADJ subject complement BE + ADV time/place

Type II: n Sentence includes: n n Linking (BE) Verb AND Adverbial Complement (required) n n BE + ADV of Time/Place Complement = something that completes… Tests n n Is the Main Verb “BE”? Is “BE” followed by ADVP of time or place?

Type II: n NP + MVBE + Advt/p Are these Type II? n n I I am here now am happy to be here must have been elsewhere yesterday like go to China during the summer

Sentence Type II Find the Type II Construction… A. Your car keys are under the sofa B. You like to wear women’s shoes

Sentence Type II Diagramming n Your car keys are under the sofa keys Yo car ur are un de r sofa th e

Sentence Type II Treeing S VP NP MVP DET ADJ PREP DET N Your car keys ADVP are N under the sofa

Sentence Type III What’s the Pattern? n n Sheila is beautiful Her parties are very lavish She is becoming friendly Her husband has seemed happier A. MVtr + Direct object B. MVint + ADV manner C. MVlink + ADJ subj. complement D. MVBE + Nominal subj. complement

Type III: n Sentences contain: n n n Linking Verb + Adj Subj Comp Linking Verb AND Subject Complement (AKA Predicate Adjective) Tests n n Is the MVP followed by ADJP? Is the MV “BE” or substitutable with “BE”? n e. g. appear, become, seem grow, feel, look, sound…

Common Linking Verbs n n n BE Seem Become Taste Feel Look See p. 212 for more…

Type III: NP + MVlink + Adj Subj Comp n Are these Type III? n n Fred seems to be angry His cashmere sweater feels silky Pat looked surprisingly happy after his loss He looked as though he had been up all night

Type III Constructions: 1 2 A. 1 & 2 B. 2 & 3 3 C. 3 & 4 D. 2 & 4 (x 2) 4

Sentence Type III Diagramming n I’m busy I ‘m busy

Sentence Type III Treeing n I’m busy S VP NP Pron I MVP ADJP ‘m busy

What’s the Pattern? n n Jack and Jill are cousins Their trip to the well was a failure The hill is becoming a jungle Jack and Jill remained friends after their tumble down the hill A. MVtr + Direct object B. MVlink + Nominal subj. complement C. MVlink + ADJ subj. complement D. MVBE + Nominal subj. complement

Type IV: n Sentence contains: n n n Linking Verb + Nom Subj Comp Linking Verb AND NP that complements the subject (NP 1) n AKA NP 1 + MVlink + NP 1 Tests n Is the MVP followed by another NP? n n Does this NP refer to the same entity as the Subj? Is the MV “BE” or substitutable with “BE”? n Can “may be classified as” substitute for the MV?

Type IV: NP + MVlink + Nom Subj Comp n Are these sentences Type IV? n n n That paint is the right color The train disappeared into a tunnel Her carrot cake was a dreadful failure

Type IV Constructions? (x 2) 1 2 A. 1 & 2 B. 2 & 3 3 C. 3 & 4 D. 2 & 4 4

Diagramming n Mario is a very busy guy Complements the subject Mario is guy____ a y s bu ry ve

Treeing n Mario is a very busy guy S VP NP 1 MVP Mario is NP 1 art Adv Adj a very busy N guy

What’s the Pattern? n n n Dave threw the ball to George John saw Bill Three minnows were nibbling her toes Pecan pie enlivens any meal The man had bought a cake for dinner A. MVtr + Direct object B. MVint + Nominal subj. complement C. MVlink + ADJ subj. complement D. MVBE + Nominal subj. complement

Type V: Transitive Verb + D. O. n Sentence is constructed like this: n n NP 1 + MVtr + NP 2 Subject = Actor Object = Item Acted upon Tests for Direct Object: n n n Who? What? ≠ NP 1 (Receiver of Action)

Transitive vs. Linking Verbs n Transitive verbs: n n show “action” answer the question 'what. ' Dad grew old. Dad was old. This makes sense. Dad grew a beard. Dad was a beard. This makes NO sense. In this case “grew” is a linking verb. In this case “grew” is a transitive verb.

Type V Sentence…

Diagramming n I hate happy hour Direct Object I hate | hour ha pp y

Treeing S NP 1 VP MVP NP 2 ADJ I hate N happy hour

How many Type V Constructions? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

In your G & C paper… n Find as many types as you can… Type I: n Type II: n n Type III: NP + MVlink + Adj Subj Comp Type IV: n Type V: n NP + MVint (+ADV) NP + MVBE + Advt/p NP + MVlink + Nom Subj Comp NP 1 + MVtr + NP 2

Analyzing Sentences… …why we should care

Error? n n 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it What sentence type this? How does that relate to the error? n The baby’s mother is a king.

Sentence Type 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it n She slept a baby in the crib. n Hint: n MVint doesn’t take an object

Sentence Type 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it At night, the baby’s nurses always speak very quiet. n Hints: n n n MVint ADV complement

Sentence Type n n 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it [Wicked is prototypically an adjective] Knowing that it is an adjective automatically informs that it is describing something. Hints: n n Type V (Transitive Verb) MVtr requires an object

Comma Usage n n Never put a single comma between the Subject and Predicate or between the Verb and its complements Use two commas to set off anything that interrupts the Subject and predicate or the Verb and its complements

You Tell Me… n n All contact center technicians work together in a single room, with most of the workspaces around the perimeter. Hint: n n 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it To comma or not to comma… Confession: n This is an error from one of my papers

Diagramming Review n n NPs & VPs on flat lines Major break between Subject & Predicate Modifiers on slanted lines Subject Complement go on main line after “” NP 1 n Direct Objects go on main line after “|” NP 1 Ad j VP Ad j | NP 2 Ad v Pr ep Noun VP Subj Comp. ____ Ad Ad v j/A dv

Treeing Review n n n Start by writing sentence at the bottom Work up word by word, joining phrases Separate Subject & Predicate with NP // VP S S NP Art VP N V NP Adv The students are upstairs Art VP N V Adj The students are smart

Quiz Tomorrow Review Slides, text & exercises…