Chapter 7 4 Cell Structure and Function Nucleolus

Chapter 7 -4 Cell Structure and Function Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

A CELL is. . . Image from: http: //www. biology 4 kids. com/files/cell_membrane. html made of MOLECULES ___________

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND _______ OR ORGANELLES surrounded ORGANELLES by MEMBRANES surrounded by _______________ = _________ Bacterial Cell http: //www. earthlife. net/prokaryotes/welcome. html http: //summit. k 12. co. us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types. html

CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________ & _________ Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC HYDROPHOBIC Image by Riedell

Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http: //employees. csbsju. edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch 112/lipids/micbilayer. gif

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Image from: http: //employees. csbsju. edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch 112/lipids/micbilayer. gif

CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = (either inside or outside of cell) _______ Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________ (can go part way in or all the way through)

GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20101%20 Lectures/Membranes/membrane. htm

TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane http: //www 2. uic. edu/~myilma 1/ionchannel. gif Animations from: http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan. gif More on this in Chapter 7 -3

WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http: //vilenski. org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane. html http: //www. mccc. edu/~chorba/celldiagram. htm Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell

Cell membranes MOVE! Animation from: http: //www. sp. uconn. edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem. gif Click here to see Fluidity Animation Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http: //vilenski. org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm. html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLEsmall structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http: //faculty. stcc. tn. us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu. htm

NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http: //www. mccc. edu/~chorba/celldiagram. htm

NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http: //www. agen. ufl. edu/~chyn/age 2062/lect_06/5_11. GIF

NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. CELL 2. html

WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/12 -dna. htm

NUCLEOLUS Image from: http: //lifesci. rutgers. edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc 3 L. jpg Makes ribosomes Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS

CYTOSKELETON Image from: http: //anthro. palomar. edu/animal/default. htm • Helps cell maintain shape • Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http: //www. coleharbourhigh. ednet. ns. ca/library/organelle_worksheet. htm

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http: //instructional 1. calstatela. edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin 150/Images/mitochondria. jpg

MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http: //www. biologyclass. net/mitochondria. jpe

MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http: //www. wappingersschools. org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p 14%5 b 1%5 d. jpg

WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http: //vilenski. org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito. html http: //www. estrellamountain. edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/Bio. Book. CHEM 2. html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell

RIBOSOMES • Made of PROTEINS and RNA • Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Image by: RIedell Image from: http: //www. ust. hk/roundtable/hi-tech. series/1_b 1. jpg

RIBOSOMES Image from: http: //www. biologyclass. net/endoplasmic. jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http: //www. mccc. edu/~chorba/celldiagram. htm

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http: //www. agen. ufl. edu/~chyn/age 2062/lect_06/5_10 B. GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http: //vilenski. org/science/safari/cellstructure/er. html Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http: //www. biologyclass. net/endoplasmic. jpe

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Has RIBOSOMES attached • Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http: //fig. cox. miami. edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER. jpg

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http: //www. science. siu. edu/plant-biology/PLB 117/JPEGs%20 CD/0073. JPG • Has NO ribosomes attached • Has enzymes for special tasks

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http: //www. accs. net/users/kriel/chapter%20 eight/smooth%20 er. gif • Makes membrane lipids (steroids) • Regulates calcium (muscle cells) • Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http: //vilenski. org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi. h Image from: http: //www. rsbs. anu. edu • Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http: //vilenski. org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi. h

Animation from: http: //www. franklincollege. edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week 04. html See a Golgi movie

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES Animation from: http: //vilenski. org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes. html Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http: //www. people. virginia. edu/~rjh 9 u/lysosome. html

LYSOSOMES Image from: http: //www. people. virginia. edu/~rjh 9 u/lysosome. html

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ___________ Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells http: //www. mgm. ufl. edu/images/bharfe/image 3. jpg http: //research. yale. edu/ysm/images/78. 3/articles-apoptosis-cells. jpg

Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http: //www. cellsalive. com/apop. htm

FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http: //www. stchs. org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella. jpg

FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

CILIA Animation from: http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/13 -cells. htm Move cell itself

CILIA Move substances past cells http: //www. sk. lung. ca/content. cfm? edit_realword=hwbreathe

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? CILIA • Many • short FLAGELLA Animation from: http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/13 -cells. htm • Few • Long

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? • • Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles

CELL WALL http: //www. windows. ucar. edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall. jpg Supports and protects cell http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/13 -cells. htm Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _______

VACUOLES Image from: http: //www. biologycorner. com/resources/plant_cell. gif Storage space http: //library. thinkquest. org/3564/Cells/cell 93. gif

VACUOLES Image from: http: //www. metoliusfriends. org/csca/images/tupperware. jpg • Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http: //www-micro. msb. le. ac. uk/Video/Acanthamoeba. html See it: Contractile vacuoles http: //www. centralmethodist. edu/employee/ppornelu/BI 101/Quizzes/9 membranes. htm 1

CHLOROPLASTS http: //www. seorf. ohiou. edu/~tstork/compass. rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing. gif • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http: //stallion. abac. peachnet. edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL 2050/Ch 1 -13/Jpeg. Art 1 -13/04 jpeg/04 -28_chloroplasts_1. jpg

CHLOROPLASTS http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04 -17 -chloroplast-nl. htm • Surrounded by DOUBLE membran • Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis • Contains own DNA

Figure 7 -5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7 -2 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell Go to Section:

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? • Cell wall • NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE • DNA is circular • No membrane bound organelles http: //www. eurekascience. com/ICan. Do. That/bacteria_cells. htm

BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… Image from: http: //micro. magnet. fsu. edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote. jpg IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! ________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18!

WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > ___________

No membrane bound organelles BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES Organelles with membranes PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON