Chapter 6 The Duel For North America France

Chapter 6 The Duel For North America

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

France Newcomer to the New World z. Foreign Wars z. Domestic religious strife x. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of Huguenots in 1572

St. Bartholomew’s Massacre

Edict of Nantes-1598 z Grants limited toleration to French Protestants y. Religious wars ends z Became the most feared nation in Europe y. Louis 14 th led France to this stage

1608 France establishes foothold in Quebec z Samuel de Champlain y. Father of New France y. Helps establish the colony y. Friendly to Huron Indians x. Helped them with Iroquois of New York • Iroquois will hamper French movement into North America • Frequent allies of British

Samuel de Champlain’s Route

Government fell under King z Autocratic y. No Assemblies y. No rights like English Colonies

Grew Slowly z 60, 000 by 1750 z Landowning peasants did not have motive to move to America z Huguenots denied right to move y. French favored their Caribbean islands anyway

New France fans out

Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin submitted this map to the request to establish the borders between New France and New England.

Beaver Furs z New France had plenty z Demand high in France z Coureurs de bois (runners of the wood) hunted the beavers yleft place names still around

Recruited Indians into Fur Trade z Brought in many furs z hurt by disease and alcohol z violated Indian religious beliefs and traditions

Blazed trails z Explored much of North America z moved across: y. Great Lakes yalong the Missouri ynext to Spanish z Extinguished beaver and inflicted ecological damage

Jesuits worked to save Indians z Made few converts z helped to explore much of America

Some Sought Empire z Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit z Robert de la Salle yto stop Spanish intrusion ysails down the Mississippi in 1682 ynamed area Louisiana after Louis 14 th

Robert de la Salle

Want to block Spain on Gulf of Mexico z Planted posts like New Orleans ycontrolled mouth of Mississippi z Established posts and forts in Illinois ymuch grain floats down Mississippi to West Indies

The Clash of Empires

Wars for control of North America z King William’s War y 1689 -1697 yput British colonials against the French coureurs de bois and their Indian allies

Queen Anne’s War 1702 -1713 z British colonists against French coureurs de boisboth sides use any Indians they could z America not worth committing regular troops y. Guerrilla warfare xcolonists lost Schenectady and Deerfield y. Americans did seize control of Port Royal in Acadia

Peace of Utrecht in 1713 z France and allied Spain beaten y. Britain gets Acadia xrenamed Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland Hudson Bay • pinched off St. Lawerence • Generation of peace and salutary neglect y. Britain gets limited trading rights in Spanish America

War of Jenkins Ear z Captain lost part of ear to Spanish z 1739 -war breaks out z confined to Caribbean Sea between British and Spanish ycarried over to Georgia where Olglethorpe fought Spain

War of Jenkins Ear

War of Austrian Succession or King George’s War in America z France and Spain against British ycolonies invade New France again ycapture Louisbourg yhanded back at treaty in 1748 x. New Englanders angry y. France still in North Amercia

George Washington Inaugurates War with France

Ohio Valley key to Future z France wants to control interior of continent yto link with New Orleans z Colonists want to expand into area ycolonists determined to fight for future enconomic future

Tensions in Ohio Valley z British colonial land speculators laid weak claim to 500, 000 acres in Ohio Valley z French building forts along Ohio River y. Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

Washington sent to survey land claims z Came with 150 Virginia Militia z Encountered French y. Killed Leader and French retreat z Washington forced to surrender at Fort Necessity in 1754 y. Allowed to leave

British in Nova Scotia take action after war breaks out z British uproot 4, 000 Acadians z They scatter or go to Louisiana (cajuns)

Global War and Colonial Disunity

French-Anglo Wars z All of the first three started in Europe z French-Indian War started in America y. Touched off by George Washington in Ohio Valley -1754 y. Widened into the biggest conflict yet-Seven Year’s War x. Fought in America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa and on the ocean. x“Seven Seas War”

French-Indian War

In Europe z Britain and Prussia V. France, Spain, and Russia z Bloodiest was in Germany y. Fredrick the Great got name from fighting the French, Russian and Austrian armies x. London Government couldn’t send reinforcements so they sent GOLD! z French wasted strength in Europe and couldn’t fight in America z “America was Conquered in Germany”

Colonial reactions to clash z In Previous times, colonies displayed disunity z Those located closest to the fighting had to respond more than those in the remoteness of the wilderness z Even Indians were more unified z Now the conflict in Ohio called for immediate reactions

Albany Congress z 1754 -British government called intercolonial congress in near the Iroquois Country z Only 7 of 13 delegates came z Wanted to keep the Indians loyal to the British in the war time z Chiefs were persuaded with several gifts

Albany Congress

Albany’s Purpose z Wanted to achieve a greater colonial unity therefore bolstering the fight against the French z Famous “Join or Die” cartoon of Ben Franklin came out at this time

Benjamin Franklin z Wise and witty counselor z Leading spirit of the Albany congress z Contribution was a premature scheme for colonial self rule z Delegates like and unanimously approved but London and colonies disliked z All colonies knew that needed unity but no one wanted to agree

Benny Franklin

Braddock’s Blundering and It’s Aftermath

Braddock leads British in North America z Wants to capture Ft. Duquesne z Does not like American’s fighting like Indians z 1755 some 2000 men sent

Moved slowly through woods chopping trails z Attacked by French and Indians z Braddock attacked and killed z Washington had 2 horses shot out from under him z heavy losses

Braddock’s Burial

Indians widen war path from Penn to North Carolina z Authorities offer money for Indian scalps z Washington tries to defend frontier

British attack Canada in 1756 z Tries to attack small outposts instead of Quebec and Montreal yothers would have withered

Pitt’s Palms of Victory

William Pitt z The Great Commoner z Steps forward to lead Britain z People love him z Great Speaker z Loved his country

Leader of London government in 1757 z Pitt’s plan: yback off attacks on French West Indies yconcentrate on Quebec and Montreal y. Picked energetic and young generals over cautious old generals

1757 against Louisbourg z Siege and it fell z First great victory for Britain

James Wolfe leads attack on Quebec z Daring move to climb rocks protecting Quebec z French general Marquis de Montcalm and Wolfe both killed z Quebec falls Montcalm Wolfe

Battle of Quebec z Very significant for British and American military history z Montreal falls in 1760 z French out of North America by Treaty of Paris in 1763 z Left behind French people

Treaty terms z French out of North America y. Except a couple of West Indian Islands and Gulf of St. Lawerence stations z French gave Spain Louisiana and New Orleans z Spain gave Britain Florida for Cuba z Britian emerges as dominant power in North America

Restless Colonies

American’s gain from war z Confidence z Fought along side the British z Gained valuable experience

Shattered myth of British invincibility z Americans fight bravely under Braddock then the British regulars fled

Friction between British and Americans z British refuse to recognize any American rank above captain z showed scorn and snobbishness toward Americans z Americans felt they deserved credit instead of contempt

Americans make money trading with French and Spanish z Britain had forbid any exports from New England or middle colonies to stop helping the enemy

Other colonies refused to provide troops, supplies, or money z Wanted rights and privileges without duties and responsibilities z Had to be bribed to defend themselves

Colonial disunity continues z Distance z geographical barriers z religious differences z varied nationalities z different types of governments z boundary disputes

French and Indian War begins to melt differences z Americans begin to see they share a common heritage z Many colonists who fought in war begin to help break down this barrier

Americans: A people of destiny

Removal of French from North America z Greatly affected the colonists z They had been forced to cling close to coast for British protection z Fall of Quebec and Montreal is beginning of break with England

Spanish and Indian Menace reduced z Spain in Control of Louisiana, New Orleans, and much of west

Indians hurt by Treaty of Paris z Indians lost their chief ally against the British and westward expanding colonists z Could not play European rivals off one another z Have to negotiate directly with British

Pontiac’s Rebellion-1763 z United Indians and some French to drive out British from Ohio Valley z Over ran Detriot z Killed over 2000 and captured other small forts

Indians killed by spreading small pox z Pontiac killed in 1769 z British see need to stabilize the area by keeping troops in the west

Americans new free to spread over Appalachian Mountains z Daniel Boone had already led settlement to Tennessee and Kentucky

Proclamation of 1763 z Britain prohibits settlements west of Appalachians until adjustments could be made y. Britain wants to work out Indian problems

Land Speculators and settlers angered z Many left and flouted the Act anyway

French and Indian War z Gives Americans a new vision for themselves y. Felt is was their birthright to conquer and spread west y. Felt it was their destiny

Britains not in any mood for upstart colonists z Felt they were fight since they just expanded their empire