Chapter 6 Teori Produksi Topics to be Discussed
Chapter 6 Teori Produksi
Topics to be Discussed n Teknologi Produksi n Isoquants n Produksi dengan satu variabel input (tenaga kerja) n Produksi dengan dua variabel input n Returns to Scale Chapter 6 Slide 2
Introduction n Fokus permasalahan adalah sisi produsen. n Teori produksi akan mengarah kepada: l Bagaimana perusahaan mengambil kebijakan untuk meminimumkan biaya produksi l Bagaimana biaya bervariasi dengan output l Karakteristik pasar produsen l Isu-isu kebijakan usaha Chapter 6 Slide 3
Teknologi Produksi n Proses Produksi l n Mengkombinasikan beberapa input atau faktor produksi untuk mendapatkan hasil produksi. Faktor Produksi l Tenaga kerja l Bahan baku l Modal Chapter 6 Slide 4
The Technology of Production n Fungsi Produksi: l Menunjukkan output tertinggi yang dihasilkan oleh produsen untuk berbagai kombinasi input dan teknologi yang ada. l Chapter 6 Menunjukkan apa yang layak secara teknis ketika produsen beroperasi secara efisien. Slide 5
The Technology of Production n Fungsi produksi untuk dua input: Q = F(K, L) Q = Output, K = Capital, L = Labor n Untuk suatu teknologi tertentu Chapter 6 Slide 6
Isoquants n Asumsi l Produsen makanan mempunyai 2 faktor produksi u Chapter 6 Labor (L) & Capital (K) Slide 7
Isoquants n Pengamatan: Untuk setiap tingkat K, produksi meningkat dengan penambahan tenaga kerja. Untuk setiap tingkat L, produksi meningkat dengan penambahan modal Berbagai kombinasi input yang menghasilkan tingkat produksi yang sama Chapter 6 Slide 8
Isoquants n Isoquants l Kurva yang menunjukkan kombinasi input atau faktor produksi yang menghasilkan tingkat output yang sama Chapter 6 Slide 9
Production Function for Food Labor Input Capital Input 1 2 3 4 5 1 20 40 55 65 75 2 40 60 75 85 90 3 55 75 90 105 4 65 85 100 115 5 75 90 105 115 120 Chapter 6 Slide 10
Produksi dengan 2 variable input(L, K) Capital per year The Isoquant Map E 5 4 3 A B The isoquants are derived from the production function for output of of 55, 75, and 90. C 2 Q 3 = 90 D 1 Q 2 = 75 Q 1 = 55 1 Chapter 6 2 3 4 5 Labor per year Slide 11
Isoquants Input Flexibility n Isoquant menekankan bagaimana kombinasi input yang berbeda dapat menghasilkan output yang sama. n Informasi ini mengizinkan produsen untuk merespon perubahan faktor produksi secara efisien di dalam pasar. Chapter 6 Slide 12
Isoquants Jangka Pendek vs Jangka Panjang n Jangka Pendek: l Jumlah dari satu atau lebih dari faktor produksi tidak dapat diubah dalam satu periode waktu. l Input atau faktor produksi ini dinamakan dengan fixed inputs. Chapter 6 Slide 13
Isoquants The Short Run versus the Long Run n Jangka Panjang l Chapter 6 Sekumpulan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat semua faktor produksi menjadi faktor produksi variabel. Slide 14
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Amount of Labor (L) Amount Total of Capital (K) Output (Q) Average Product Marginal Product 0 10 0 --- 1 10 10 2 10 30 15 20 3 10 60 20 30 4 10 80 20 20 5 10 95 19 15 6 10 108 18 13 7 10 112 16 4 8 10 112 14 0 9 10 108 12 -4 10 10 10 -8 Chapter 6 Slide 15
Produksi dengan Satu Variabel Input n Pengamatan: q Dengan penambahan tenaga kerja, produksi meningkat, mencapai titik maksimum dan selanjutnya menurun. Chapter 6 Slide 16
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) n Pengamatan: Produksi rata-rata terhadap tenaga kerja meningkat, dan selanjutnya menurun. Chapter 6 Slide 17
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) n Pengamatan: Produksi Marjinal terhadap tenaga kerja meningkat dengan cepat, dan selanjutnya menurun dan menjadi negatif. Chapter 6 Slide 18
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Output per Month D 112 Total Product C 60 A: slope of tangent = MP (20) B: slope of OB = AP (20) C: slope of OC= MP & AP B A 0 Chapter 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Labor per Month Slide 19
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Output per Month Observations: Left of E: MP > AP & AP is increasing Right of E: MP < AP & AP is decreasing E: MP = AP & AP is at its maximum 30 Marginal Product E 20 Average Product 10 0 Chapter 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Labor per Month Slide 20
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) n Pengamatan: l Pada saat MP = 0, TP maksimum l Pada saat MP > AP, AP meningkat l Pada saat MP < AP, AP menurun l Pada saat MP = AP, AP maximum Chapter 6 Slide 21
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) AP = slope of line from origin to a point on TP, lines b, & c. MP = slope of a tangent to any point on the TP line, lines a & c. Output per Month 112 D Output per Month 30 C 60 20 B 10 A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 E Labor per Month Labor 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 per Month
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Hukum Penambahan Hasil yang Semakin Berkurang n Peningkatan penggunan input dengan kenaikan yang sama, suatu titik akan tercapai dan menghasilkan penambahan hasil produksi yang semakin berkurang (MP menurun). Chapter 6 Slide 23
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Hukum Penambahan Hasil yang Semakin Berkurang n Ketika jumlah tenaga kerja sedikit, produksi marjinal meningkat akibat adanya spesialisasi. n Ketika jumlah tenaga kerja besar, Produksi marjinal menurun akibat terjadinya inefisiensi. Chapter 6 Slide 24
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Hukum Penambahan Hasil yang Semakin Berkurang n Dapat digunakan dalam jangka panjang untuk mengevaluasi berbagai rencana penjualan. n Diasumsikan bahwa kualitas dari variabel input adalah konstan. Chapter 6 Slide 25
Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Hukum Penambahan Hasil yang Semakin Berkurang n Menjelaskan terjadinya penurunan nilai produksi marjinal n Diasumsikan teknologi yang digunakan adalah konstan Chapter 6 Slide 26
The Effect of Technological Improvement Output per time period C 100 B Produktitivitas tenaga kerja dapat meningkat jika ada perubahan dalam teknologi, meskipun setiap tingkat produksi mengurangi penurunan produksi terhadap tenaga kerja O 3 A O 2 50 O 1 0 Chapter 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Labor per time period Slide 27
Produksi dengan dua variabel input n Terdapat hubungan antara produksi dan produktifitas. n Untuk jangka panjang K&L merupakan faktor produksi variabel. n Isokuan menganalisis dan membandingkan perbedaan kombinasi K&L dan output. Chapter 6 Slide 28
The Shape of Isoquants Capital per year E 5 Dalam jangka panjang capital dan labor menjadi input variabel dan mengalami penambahan hasil yang semakin berkurang 4 3 A B C 2 Q 3 = 90 D 1 Q 2 = 75 Q 1 = 55 1 Chapter 6 2 3 4 5 Labor per year Slide 29
Production with Two Variable Inputs Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution n Reading the Isoquant Model 1) Assume capital is 3 and labor increases from 0 to 1 to 2 to 3. u. Notice output increases at a decreasing rate (55, 20, 15) illustrating diminishing returns from labor in the short-run and long-run. Chapter 6 Slide 30
Production with Two Variable Inputs Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution n Reading the Isoquant Model 2) Assume labor is 3 and capital increases from 0 to 1 to 2 to 3. u. Output also increases at a decreasing rate (55, 20, 15) due to diminishing returns from capital. Chapter 6 Slide 31
Production with Two Variable Inputs n Substituting Among Inputs l Managers want to determine what combination if inputs to use. l They must deal with the trade-off between inputs. Chapter 6 Slide 32
Production with Two Variable Inputs n Substituting Among Inputs l Chapter 6 The slope of each isoquant gives the tradeoff between two inputs while keeping output constant. Slide 33
Production with Two Variable Inputs n Substituting Among Inputs l Chapter 6 The marginal rate of technical substitution equals: Slide 34
Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution Capital per year 5 4 Isoquants are downward sloping and convex like indifference curves. 2 1 3 1 1 2 2/3 1 1 1 Chapter 6 Q 3 =90 1 2 3 4 Q 2 =75 Q 1 =55 5 Labor per month Slide 35
Production with Two Variable Inputs n Observations: 1) Increasing labor in one unit increments from 1 to 5 results in a decreasing MRTS from 1 to 1/2. 2) Diminishing MRTS occurs because of diminishing returns and implies isoquants are convex. Chapter 6 Slide 36
Production with Two Variable Inputs n Observations: 3) MRTS and Marginal Productivity u. The change in output from a change in labor equals: Chapter 6 Slide 37
Production with Two Variable Inputs n Observations: 3) MRTS and Marginal Productivity u Chapter 6 The change in output from a change in capital equals: Slide 38
Production with Two Variable Inputs n Observations: 3) MRTS and Marginal Productivity u. If output is constant and labor is increased, then: Chapter 6 Slide 39
Isoquants When Inputs are Perfectly Substitutable Capital per month A B C Q 1 Chapter 6 Q 2 Q 3 Labor per month Slide 40
Production with Two Variable Inputs Perfect Substitutes n Observations when inputs are perfectly substitutable: 1) The MRTS is constant at all points on the isoquant. Chapter 6 Slide 41
Production with Two Variable Inputs Perfect Substitutes n Observations when inputs are perfectly substitutable: 2) For a given output, any combination of inputs can be chosen (A, B, or C) to generate the same level of output (e. g. toll booths & musical instruments) Chapter 6 Slide 42
Fixed-Proportions Production Function Capital per month Q 3 C Q 2 B K 1 A L 1 Chapter 6 Q 1 Labor per month Slide 43
Production with Two Variable Inputs Fixed-Proportions Production Function n Observations when inputs must be in a fixed-proportion: 1) No substitution is possible. Each output requires a specific amount of each input (e. g. labor and jackhammers). Chapter 6 Slide 44
Production with Two Variable Inputs Fixed-Proportions Production Function n Observations when inputs must be in a fixed-proportion: 2) To increase output requires more labor and capital (i. e. moving from A to B to C which is technically efficient). Chapter 6 Slide 45
A Production Function for Wheat n Farmers must choose between a capital intensive or labor intensive technique of production. Chapter 6 Slide 46
Isoquant Describing the Production of Wheat Capital (machine hour per year) 120 Point A is more capital-intensive, and B is more labor-intensive. A 100 90 80 B Output = 13, 800 bushels per year 40 250 Chapter 6 500 760 Labor 1000 (hours per year) Slide 47
Isoquant Describing the Production of Wheat n Observations: 1) Operating at A: u Chapter 6 L = 500 hours and K = 100 machine hours. Slide 48
Isoquant Describing the Production of Wheat n Observations: 2) Operating at B u Chapter 6 Increase L to 760 and decrease K to 90 the MRTS < 1: Slide 49
Isoquant Describing the Production of Wheat n Observations: 3) MRTS < 1, therefore the cost of labor must be less than capital in order for the farmer substitute labor for capital. 4) If labor is expensive, the farmer would use more capital (e. g. U. S. ). Chapter 6 Slide 50
Isoquant Describing the Production of Wheat n Observations: 5) If labor is inexpensive, the farmer would use more labor (e. g. India). Chapter 6 Slide 51
Returns to Scale n Measuring the relationship between the scale (size) of a firm and output 1) Increasing returns to scale: output more than doubles when all inputs are doubled u Larger Chapter 6 output associated with lower cost (autos) u One firm is more efficient than many (utilities) u The isoquants get closer together Slide 52
Returns to Scale Increasing Returns: The isoquants move closer together Capital (machine hours) A 4 30 20 2 10 0 Chapter 6 5 10 Labor (hours) Slide 53
Returns to Scale n Measuring the relationship between the scale (size) of a firm and output 2) Constant returns to scale: output doubles when all inputs are doubled u. Size does not affect productivity u. May have a large number of producers u. Isoquants Chapter 6 are equidistant apart Slide 54
Returns to Scale Capital (machine hours) A 6 30 Constant Returns: Isoquants are 20 equally spaced 4 2 10 0 Chapter 6 5 10 15 Labor (hours) Slide 55
Returns to Scale n Measuring the relationship between the scale (size) of a firm and output 3) Decreasing returns to scale: output less than doubles when all inputs are doubled u. Decreasing Chapter 6 efficiency with large size u. Reduction of entrepreneurial abilities u. Isoquants become farther apart Slide 56
Returns to Scale Capital (machine hours) A Decreasing Returns: Isoquants get further apart 4 30 2 20 10 0 Chapter 6 5 10 Labor (hours) Slide 57
Summary n A production function describes the maximum output a firm can produce for each specified combination of inputs. n An isoquant is a curve that shows all combinations of inputs that yield a given level of output. Chapter 6 Slide 58
Summary n Average product of labor measures the productivity of the average worker, whereas marginal product of labor measures the productivity of the last worker added. Chapter 6 Slide 59
Summary n The law of diminishing returns explains that the marginal product of an input eventually diminishes as its quantity is increased. Chapter 6 Slide 60
Summary n Isoquants always slope downward because the marginal product of all inputs is positive. n The standard of living that a country can attain for its citizens is closely related to its level of productivity. Chapter 6 Slide 61
Summary n In long-run analysis, we tend to focus on the firm’s choice of its scale or size of operation. Chapter 6 Slide 62
End of Chapter 6 Production
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