Chapter 6 Solutions Percent Concentration General Organic and

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Chapter 6 Solutions Percent Concentration General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Chapter 6 Solutions Percent Concentration General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Concentration The concentration of a solution § is the amount of solute dissolved in

Concentration The concentration of a solution § is the amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solution concentration = amount of solute amount of solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Mass Percent Concentration Mass percent (m/m) concentration is § the percent by mass of

Mass Percent Concentration Mass percent (m/m) concentration is § the percent by mass of solute in a solution § calculated using the formula: Mass = mass of solute(g) x 100% percent mass of solute(g) + mass of solvent(g) Mass percent = mass of solute(g) x 100% mass of solution(g) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Mass of Solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mass of Solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Calculating Mass Percent The calculation of mass percent (m/m) requires the § grams of

Calculating Mass Percent The calculation of mass percent (m/m) requires the § grams of solute (g of KCl) and § grams of solution (g of KCl solution) g of KCl = 8. 00 g g of solvent (water) = 42. 00 g g of KCl solution = 50. 00 g 8. 00 g of KCl (solute) x 100% = 16. 0% (m/m) 50. 00 g of KCl solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Guide to Calculating Solution Concentrations General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Guide to Calculating Solution Concentrations General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Learning Check A solution is prepared with 15. 0 g of Na 2 CO

Learning Check A solution is prepared with 15. 0 g of Na 2 CO 3 and 235 g of H 2 O. What is the mass percent (m/m) of the solution? 1) 15. 0%(m/m) Na 2 CO 3 2) 6. 38%(m/m) Na 2 CO 3 3) 6. 00%(m/m) Na 2 CO 3 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Solution 3) 6. 00% (m/m) Na 2 CO 3 STEP 1 Given: 15. 0

Solution 3) 6. 00% (m/m) Na 2 CO 3 STEP 1 Given: 15. 0 g of Na 2 CO 3; 235 g of H 2 O Need: mass percent (m/m) of Na 2 CO 3 solution STEP 2 Plan: mass percent(m/m) = g of solute x 100% g of solution Calculate mass of solution = 15. 0 g + 235 g = 250 g of Na 2 CO 3 solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Solution (continued) STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 15. 0 g of Na

Solution (continued) STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 15. 0 g of Na 2 CO 3 = 250 g of solution 15. 0 g Na 2 CO 3 and 250 g solution 15. 0 g of Na 2 CO 3 STEP 4 Set up problem: mass = 15. 0 g Na 2 CO 3 x 100 = 6. 00%(m/m) Na 2 CO 3 percent 250 g solution (m/m) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Volume Percent The volume percent (v/v) is § percent by volume of solute (liquid)

Volume Percent The volume percent (v/v) is § percent by volume of solute (liquid) in a solution § volume % (v/v) = volume of solute x 100% volume of solution § volume solute (m. L) in 100 m. L of solution. volume % (v/v) = m. L of solute 100. m. L of solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

Mass/Volume Percent The mass/volume percent (m/v) is § mass/volume % (m/v) = grams (g)

Mass/Volume Percent The mass/volume percent (m/v) is § mass/volume % (m/v) = grams (g) of solute x 100% volume(m. L) of solution § mass of solute(g) in 100 m. L solution = g of solute 100. m. L of solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Preparation of a Solution: Mass/Volume Percent General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010

Preparation of a Solution: Mass/Volume Percent General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Percent Conversion Factors § Two conversion factors can be written for each type of

Percent Conversion Factors § Two conversion factors can be written for each type of percent concentration. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Learning Check Write two conversion factors for each solution: A. 8. 50% (m/m) Na.

Learning Check Write two conversion factors for each solution: A. 8. 50% (m/m) Na. OH B. 5. 75% (v/v) ethanol C. 4. 8% (m/v) HCl General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

Solution A. 8. 50% (m/m) Na. OH 8. 50 g Na. OH and 100

Solution A. 8. 50% (m/m) Na. OH 8. 50 g Na. OH and 100 g solution 8. 50 g Na. OH B. 5. 75% (v/v) ethanol 5. 75 m. L ethanol and 100 m. L solution 5. 75 m. L ethanol C. 4. 8% (m/v) HCl 4. 8 g HCl and 100 m. L HCl 100 m. L solution 4. 8 g HCl General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

Guide to Using Concentration to Calculate Mass or Volume General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Guide to Using Concentration to Calculate Mass or Volume General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

Example of Using Percent Concentration (m/m) Factors How many grams of Na. Cl are

Example of Using Percent Concentration (m/m) Factors How many grams of Na. Cl are needed to prepare 225 g of a 10. 0% (m/m) Na. Cl solution? STEP 1 Given: 225 g of solution; 10. 0% (m/m) Na. Cl Need: g of Na. Cl (solute) STEP 2 Plan: g of solution g of Na. Cl General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Solution STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 10. 0 g of Na. Cl

Solution STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 10. 0 g of Na. Cl = 100 g of Na. Cl solution 10. 0 g Na. Cl and 100 g Na. Cl solution 10. 0 g Na. Cl STEP 4 Set up problem to cancel grams of solution: 225 g Na. Cl solution x 10. 0 g Na. Cl = 22. 5 g of Na. Cl 100 g Na. Cl solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

Learning Check How many grams of Na. OH are needed to prepare 75. 0

Learning Check How many grams of Na. OH are needed to prepare 75. 0 g of 14. 0% (m/m) Na. OH solution? 1) 10. 5 g of Na. OH 2) 75. 0 g of Na. OH 3) 536 g of Na. OH General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Solution STEP 1 Given: 75. 0 g of Na. OH solution; 14. 0% (m/m)

Solution STEP 1 Given: 75. 0 g of Na. OH solution; 14. 0% (m/m) Na. OH solution Need: g of Na. OH (solute) STEP 2 g of solution g of Na. OH STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 14. 0 g of Na. OH = 100 of Na. OH solution 14. 0 g Na. OH and 100 g Na. OH solution 14. 0 g Na. OH STEP 4 Set up problem to cancel the grams of solution: 75. 0 g Na. OH solution x 14. 0 g Na. OH = 10. 5 g of Na. OH 100 g Na. OH solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

Learning Check How many milliliters of a 5. 75% (v/v) ethanol solution can be

Learning Check How many milliliters of a 5. 75% (v/v) ethanol solution can be prepared from 2. 25 m. L of ethanol? 1) 2. 56 m. L 2) 12. 9 m. L 3) 39. 1 m. L General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

Solution STEP 1 Given: 2. 25 m. L of ethanol (solute) 5. 75% (v/v)

Solution STEP 1 Given: 2. 25 m. L of ethanol (solute) 5. 75% (v/v) ethanol solution Need: m. L of ethanol solution STEP 2 Plan: m. L of ethanol m. L of solution STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 100 m. L of solution = 5. 75 m. L of ethanol 5. 75 m. L ethanol and 100 m. L solution 5. 75 m. L ethanol STEP 4 Set up problem to cancel the m. L of ethanol: 2. 25 m. L ethanol x 100 m. L solution = 39. 1 m. L of solution 5. 75. m. L ethanol General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 22

Example Using Percent Concentration (m/v) Factors How many m. L of a 4. 20%

Example Using Percent Concentration (m/v) Factors How many m. L of a 4. 20% (m/v) will contain 3. 15 g KCl? STEP 1 Given: 3. 15 g of KCl (solute) 4. 20% (m/v) KCl solution Need: m. L of KCl solution STEP 2 Plan: g of KCl m. L of KCl solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

Using Percent Concentration(m/v) Factors (continued) STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 4. 20

Using Percent Concentration(m/v) Factors (continued) STEP 3 Write equalities and conversion factors: 4. 20 g KCl = 100 m. L of KCl solution 4. 20 g KCl and 100 m. L KCl solution 4. 20 g KCl STEP 4 Set up the problem: 3. 15 g KCl x 100 m. L KCl solution = 75. 0 m. L of KCl 4. 20 g KCl General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 24

Learning Check How many grams of Na. OH are needed to prepare 125 m.

Learning Check How many grams of Na. OH are needed to prepare 125 m. L of a 8. 80% (m/v) Na. OH solution? 1) 7. 04 g of Na. OH 2) 11. 0 g of Na. OH 3) 14. 2 g of Na. OH General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

Solution 2) 11. 0 g of Na. OH STEP 1 Given: 125 m. L

Solution 2) 11. 0 g of Na. OH STEP 1 Given: 125 m. L of Na. OH (solution) 8. 80% (m/v) Na. OH solution Need: g of Na. OH (solute) STEP 2 Plan: m. L of Na. OH solution g of Na. OH General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 26

Solution (continued) STEP 3 Write equality and conversion factors: 8. 80 g of Na.

Solution (continued) STEP 3 Write equality and conversion factors: 8. 80 g of Na. OH = 100 m. L of Na. OH solution 8. 80 g Na. OH and 100 m. L Na. OH solution 8. 80 g Na. OH STEP 4 Set up the problem: 125 m. L Na. OH solution x 8. 80 g Na. OH 100 m. L Na. OH solution = 11. 0 g of Na. OH General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 27

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