Chapter 6 Sensation Turran Hill Sensation n Sensation

Chapter 6 Sensation Turran Hill

Sensation n Sensation is the detection of simple properties of stimuli, such as brightness, warmth, and sweetness.

1. A neuron that responds directly to physical energy is called a ____ cell. n A. receptor n B. transducer n C. sense organ

The answer is… n A. receptor Receptor cells are neurons that respond to stimuli such as light and vibrations.

What is the relationship between receptor, transducer, and sense organ? Transduction is the process sense organs use to change energy from the environment into neural activity. Receptor cells release chemical transmitter substances that stimulate other neurons. This changes an axon’s rate of firing of their axons.

VISION

Eye Vocabulary n Cornea n Optic disk n Sclera n Rod n Iris n Cone n Lens n Fovea n Retina n Accommodation n Photoreceptor

Color Vision Vocabulary n Brightness n Saturation n Color mixing

The key vitamin involved in the transduction of radiant energy is vitamin ___. n A. A n B. B n C. D n D. E

The answer is… n Vitamin A n Carrots are good for vision because they contain a substance that is easily made into vitamin A.

In terms of color vision, which of the following does not belong with the others? n A. humans n B. dogs n C. birds n D. fish

Here comes the answer!! n Primates are the only mammals that have full color vision. n Fish and birds also have excellent color vision (among nonmammals)

Yellow light stimulates which photoreceptor? A. B. C. D. Yellow Blue and Green Red and Blue Red and Green

D. Red and Green Yellow light is located between the red and green and stimulates each equally.

Visual information follows which of the following routes to the brain? A. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors n B. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells n C. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells n D. bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptors n

Visual information is sent to the brain through… n C. photoreceptor, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

AUDITION

Ear Vocabulary Hertz (Hz) n Ossicle n Cochlea n Oval window n Basilar membrane n Round window n Auditory hair cell n Cilium n Tectorial membrane n

Sound Vocabulary n Overtone n Fundamental frequency n Timbre

White noise contains A. primarily sounds of less than 200 Hz n B. sounds above 20, 000 Hz n C. no sounds of an audible frequency n D. all frequencies of sound n

D. all frequencies of sound n White noise sounds like the ssssh sound you hear when changing the radio station.

Which kind of sound is the most effective at causing large solid objects to vibrate? A. low frequency sounds n B. medium frequency sounds n C. medium to high frequency sounds n D. high frequency sounds n

A. low frequency sounds n Large objects vibrate in response to low frequencies ONLY.

A perfectly healthy ear can hear frequencies of about ____ Hz. n A. 20, 000 n B. 30, 000 n C. 40, 000 n D. 50, 000

D. 20, 000 n A good ear can hear frequencies of more than 20, 000 Hz, but axons cannot fire more than 1000 tmes per second.

Gustation (taste)

Chemosense One of the two sense modalities that detect the presence of particular molecules present in the environment (gustation and olfaction) n

Which of the following is not a quality of taste we can perceive? n A. bitter n B. spicy n C. sweet n D. salty n E. sour

B. spicy n Spiciness is a flavor. Flavors include taste AND smell.

Regions of Sensitivity n The tip of the tongue is sensitive to sweet and salty substances. n The sides are sensitive to sour. n The back is sensitive to bitter.

What is another term for the “bumps” on the tongue? n A. papillae n B. taste buds n C. taste receptors n D. microvilli

A. papillae n Each papilla contains a number of taste buds. n A taste bud is a small organ that contains a number of receptor cells.

Receptor cells have hairlike projections called microvilli that protrude through the pores of taste buds into the saliva that coats the tongue.

OLFACTION

Among humans, olfaction plays an important role in n A. identifying each other. n B. attracting potential mates. n C. identifying spoiled food. n D. repelling people we don’t like.

C. identifying spoiled food n Odors help us avoid some dangers, such as rotten food. n The odor of rotten meat can induce vomiting.

One of the places in the brain that olfactory information is sent to is the ______, which plays a role in both______. A. limbic system; emotion and memory n B. hypothalamus; homeostasis and thirst n C. amygdala; emotion and aggression n D. cerebellum; movement and coordination n

A. Limbic system; emotion and memory n One reason that we may remember a person, place, or thing when we smell a familiar odor is probably because the limbic system is where that information is received.

SOMATOSENSES

Somatosenses (body senses) include response to temperature, touch, and pain

Skin Senses n Temperature n Pressure n Pain

Touch and Pressure n Touch is the sensation of very light contact of an object with the skin. n Pressure is the sensation produced by more forceful contact. Pressure occurs only if the skin moves.

Pain n It would be hard to survive without pain. n Pain tells us when something is wrong with our bodies.

Internal Senses n n Conveys painful, neutral, and pleasurable sensory information. For example, having a warm drink

Vestibular Senses n Our sense of balance involves several senses.

Vestibular Apparatus n Receptive organs of the inner ear that contribute to balance and perception of head movement

n If we close our eyes, we can see how important they are to our ability to balance

Our receptors for temperature respond best to ______ temperature. n A. low n B. high n C. constant n D. changes in

D. changes in n. Our skin receptors respond least to constant and nonchanging stimulation.

Which of the following is NOT one of the somatosenses? n A. changes in laterality n B. pain n C. touch n D. vibration

A. changes in laterality n Our somatosenses can detect pain, vibration, and touch.