Chapter 6 Phrases Chapter 6 Grammar Safari n

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Chapter 6 Phrases

Chapter 6 Phrases

Chapter 6: Grammar Safari n Find a ‘real-life’ complex verb phrase n Identify all

Chapter 6: Grammar Safari n Find a ‘real-life’ complex verb phrase n Identify all of the components of the VP n n Auxillaries (modal, tense, HAVE, BE) & Main Draw out the tree to show us how it works You will need information from the later parts of the chapter to finish this one… Example n n I would have been going to see the movie. + VP tree (to be discussed…)

Subject & Predicate Division? A B The androokers plurked and urkled beside the broofled

Subject & Predicate Division? A B The androokers plurked and urkled beside the broofled lumphet. D C

Get Some Exercise n Underline the subjects below n n A lion ate an

Get Some Exercise n Underline the subjects below n n A lion ate an antelope under the tree. Students have always dreaded tests. Usually, people find Bill Cosby funny. Test yourself n Substitute a pronoun for the underlined section in each sentence above.

Subj / Predicate Division? Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences Use tag, Y/N question or

Subj / Predicate Division? Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences Use tag, Y/N question or substitution tests 1. 2. A n B The trees that covered the mountains were turning colors: yellow, red & purple. C D

Subj / Predicate Division? Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences Use tag, Y/N question or

Subj / Predicate Division? Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences Use tag, Y/N question or substitution tests 1. 2. n A B The test, which I had been dreading for weeks, turned out to be simple after all. C D

Phrase types & Constituency n Constituent n n Words that hang together (in Phrases)

Phrase types & Constituency n Constituent n n Words that hang together (in Phrases) Common Phrase Types n n NP VP ADJP ADVP the lamp might have been turned (on) (the) red and white polka dot (lamp) (the lamp shone) extremely brightly

Exercise n Divide and label: NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP n n n The mermaids

Exercise n Divide and label: NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP n n n The mermaids lived under the sea. They were very happy. Sailors told mermaid stories to their kids.

Parse the Sentence… Subject, Predicate; NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP (& PP, Rel. P) It

Parse the Sentence… Subject, Predicate; NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP (& PP, Rel. P) It suddenly occurred to Bob that the origin of life debate might run longer than expected.

Reinforcing the inflections reviewed in Chpt 3… Overview - Principle Verbal Inflections In |

Reinforcing the inflections reviewed in Chpt 3… Overview - Principle Verbal Inflections In | n Base form {-∞} n n n Simple Present Tense {-s} n n ‘BEFORE’ Progressive Form {-ing} n n ‘NOW’ (Prototypically) Simple Past Tense {-ed} n n Follows “to” or “MODAL” No ‘time’ implications ‘ONGOING’ (AKA Pres. Participle) Participle Form {-en} n ‘COMPLETED (AKA Past Participle) @ UNKNOWN TIME’ te di ca cu m rre to rs : po nt ra l tim e fo cu s

Work It Out… n n • Ignore book’s directions. • Answer questions below using

Work It Out… n n • Ignore book’s directions. • Answer questions below using the exercise sentences Exercise 6. 4 Page 165 Answer these questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. What verb form follows BE? What verb form follows HAVE? What verb form follows a modal? Which verb (or helping verb) shows tense? 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd… 5. 6. see previous slide… NOTE: “Tense” in the ‘formal’ sense… What’s funky about tense with a modal? In what order do AUX verbs appear? 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd…

Base form {-∞} n n It might _____ (something/good/well). She wants to _____ (something/good).

Base form {-∞} n n It might _____ (something/good/well). She wants to _____ (something/good). (find 1 below)

Simple Present Tense {-s} n He _____ (something/good/well) sometimes.

Simple Present Tense {-s} n He _____ (something/good/well) sometimes.

Simple Present Tense? n Looks like the “Dissolve” transition in my presentation needs adjusting

Simple Present Tense? n Looks like the “Dissolve” transition in my presentation needs adjusting How many present tense verbs? A. 1 2 C. 3 D. 4 B.

Simple Past Tense {-ed} n He _____ (something/good/well) then.

Simple Past Tense {-ed} n He _____ (something/good/well) then.

Simple Past Tense? The boy below is a space alien who traded places with

Simple Past Tense? The boy below is a space alien who traded places with Calvin… How many “pasts”? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Progressive Form [be + -ing] (AKA Present Participle Aspect) n They are _____ (something/good/well)

Progressive Form [be + -ing] (AKA Present Participle Aspect) n They are _____ (something/good/well) now.

Progressive? How many “progressives”? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Progressive? How many “progressives”? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Participle Form [have + -en] (AKA Present Participle Aspect) n We have [always] _____

Participle Form [have + -en] (AKA Present Participle Aspect) n We have [always] _____ (something/good/well).

Participial? Chuck should never have tried to teach Chester to drive. How many “participles”?

Participial? Chuck should never have tried to teach Chester to drive. How many “participles”? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

How many BASE verbs? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D =

How many BASE verbs? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4

How many “Simple Presents”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D =

How many “Simple Presents”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D = 8

How many “Simple Pasts”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D =

How many “Simple Pasts”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D = 8

How many “Progressives”? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4

How many “Progressives”? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4

How many “Participles”? A= 0, B = 1, C = 2, D = 3

How many “Participles”? A= 0, B = 1, C = 2, D = 3

Any Questions… …before we move on?

Any Questions… …before we move on?

Auxiliary Verbs n AKA “helping Verbs” n HAVE BE DO n Modals n n

Auxiliary Verbs n AKA “helping Verbs” n HAVE BE DO n Modals n n } May also be ‘MAIN’ verbs Never ‘true verb’ CAN, WILL, SHALL, MAY, Must, Ought

Identify the AUX & MAIN Verbs n n Did someone say we should be

Identify the AUX & MAIN Verbs n n Did someone say we should be leaving? I have been wanting to leave since 8: 30. This must be the longest party of the year. Our host will not do this again. NOTE: Each clause has its own verbs… For more practice look at Exercise 5. 4

Remember the Rules? n n n -ing form comes after BE -en form comes

Remember the Rules? n n n -ing form comes after BE -en form comes after HAVE ∞ (base) form comes after a Modal 1 st verb in the MVP shows the tense Modals’ tense ≠ time information Order of optional Auxiliaries: 1. 2. 3. (Modal+ -∞) (HAVE + -en) (BE + -ing)

Main Verb Phrase Structure MVP AUX TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (past or present)

Main Verb Phrase Structure MVP AUX TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (past or present) (Participle) MV (BE + [-ing]) (Progressive)

Putting the Tree to Work… Past + Drive MVP AUX TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE +

Putting the Tree to Work… Past + Drive MVP AUX TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (past or present) (Participle) Past MV (BE + [-ing]) (Progressive) Drive Drove

Putting the Tree to Work… MVP Past + HAVE + -en + drive Past

Putting the Tree to Work… MVP Past + HAVE + -en + drive Past + BE + -ing + drive Past + SHALL + BE + -ing + drive AUX TENSE (Modal+[∞])(HAVE + [-en]) (past or present) (Participle) MV (BE + (-ing]) (Progressive)

Parse the Verb Phrase Hints: ‘Never’ is movable… Chuck should never have tried to

Parse the Verb Phrase Hints: ‘Never’ is movable… Chuck should never have tried to teach his dog to drive. Infinitives masquerade as other parts of speech…

Get Some Exercise n (6. 5) Write the following as normal English sentences: n

Get Some Exercise n (6. 5) Write the following as normal English sentences: n I + past + come + to class today n Concerned students + pres + will + BE + [-ing] + study n Jo + past + Shall +[∞] + HAVE + [-en] + BE +[-ing] + eat

Get Some MORE Exercise (6. 7) Make sentences using the verb parts: Tense Modal+∞

Get Some MORE Exercise (6. 7) Make sentences using the verb parts: Tense Modal+∞ HAVE+en BE+ing MV B+ing study n Joe past will ---- n Joe pres ---- H+en ---- eat n Joe past may H+en B+ing talk

Get Some Exercise (6. 6) Identify the verb parts: Tense, Modal {+∞}, Have {+en},

Get Some Exercise (6. 6) Identify the verb parts: Tense, Modal {+∞}, Have {+en}, BE {+ing}, Main Verb n All of the runners finished the race. n Fred is being friendly. n George should have been watching TV.

How many verbal elements? How many “elements” inside the box? A. 1 B. 2

How many verbal elements? How many “elements” inside the box? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Think about the Tense… n n n After this we research for more information

Think about the Tense… n n n After this we research for more information to go with what we already knew… Any errors? Any suggestions for revision?

1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it Error Safari 1. 2.

1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it Error Safari 1. 2. 3. 4. The Picture Exchange Communication System is useful to start language skills as well as providing those students who not talk a way of communication. Where is the error? – Choose the line # A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Any Questions… …before we move on?

Any Questions… …before we move on?

Passive Voice… n Takes an Object makes it a Subject n n Called “voice”

Passive Voice… n Takes an Object makes it a Subject n n Called “voice” -- acts like ‘formal tense’ Rhetorical purpose… Confusability… Dave’s take… See pages 242 ff. .

Oldest tree in Versailles pulled down after 324 years n n Wed Feb 9,

Oldest tree in Versailles pulled down after 324 years n n Wed Feb 9, 11: 28 AM ET Science - AFP VERSAILLES, France (AFP) - The oldest tree in the grounds of the palace of Versailles -- Marie-Antoinette's oak -was pulled down more than 320 years after it was planted.

Same Idea – Different Focus Marie Antoinette's oak was cut down by a groundskeeper

Same Idea – Different Focus Marie Antoinette's oak was cut down by a groundskeeper A groundskeeper cut down Marie. Antoinette's oak Form 1 Form 2 Meaning 1 The tree is gone

MVP Structure w/Passive MVP AUX TENSE (Past or Present) (Modal+[-∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (Participle)

MVP Structure w/Passive MVP AUX TENSE (Past or Present) (Modal+[-∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (Participle) (BE +[-ing]) (Progressive) MV (BE +[-en]) (Passive)

Active Passive Steps 1. 2. 3. The original D. O. becomes the subject BE

Active Passive Steps 1. 2. 3. The original D. O. becomes the subject BE + en is added to the verb (also “GET + en”) The original Subj is placed in a BY phrase *** Optional *** boys ate | pizza was eaten by e Th the e Th boys the

Passive Tree – Part I + BY S NP VP NP Art N The

Passive Tree – Part I + BY S NP VP NP Art N The boys V Art ate the N pizza

Passive Tree – Part II S NP VP NP Art N Aux MV The

Passive Tree – Part II S NP VP NP Art N Aux MV The pizza was eaten X Optional BY phrase goes here…

Passive BE + -en OR GET + -en

Passive BE + -en OR GET + -en

Descriptive Passive Rules 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A verb with no auxiliary is

Descriptive Passive Rules 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A verb with no auxiliary is active When the main verb ends in –ing, it must be active If an –en main verb is preceded by a form of HAVE, it must be active If the main verb is not transitive (MV ), it must be active If an –en main verb is preceded by a form of BE (or GET), it is passive tr

Passive? 1 2 A. 1 B. 2 3 C. 3 D. 4 4

Passive? 1 2 A. 1 B. 2 3 C. 3 D. 4 4

Reasons to use Passive n n n Don’t know the identity of the subject

Reasons to use Passive n n n Don’t know the identity of the subject Know identity – don’t want to tell Identity is very obvious from context Identity isn’t important Focus on the object/result of an activity

Applying the rules: Active or Passive? n n n The ball was thrown by

Applying the rules: Active or Passive? n n n The ball was thrown by Philip I finally finished my homework Amy’s car was stolen during the night I have eaten too much again We were studying for the exam

Find the Error n n n Within these dialects are words that are acceptable

Find the Error n n n Within these dialects are words that are acceptable to be spoken, but are not acceptable to be written. What has the author done wrong? What has been done right?

Wrapping It Up n Review Exercises (pg. 190 – 192) n Practical Applications (p.

Wrapping It Up n Review Exercises (pg. 190 – 192) n Practical Applications (p. 192 – 193)