CHAPTER 6 Learning Learning Classical conditioning OperantInstrumental conditioning

CHAPTER 6 Learning

Learning • Classical conditioning • Operant/Instrumental conditioning • Observational learning • Terminology • • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Response (CR) Table of Contents

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • A learning procedure in which subjects make associations between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus • Ivan Pavlov • Tuning fork/salivation Table of Contents

THE EXPERIMENT • A neutral stimulus can replace a natural stimulus if it’s presented just before that stimulus • Food = unconditioned stimulus (US) • Salivation = unconditioned response (UR) Table of Contents

OTHER TERMS • Conditioned stimulus (CS) = tuning fork • Salivation = conditioned response (CR) • Conditioned responses are learned, not natural or reflexive Table of Contents

Demonstration of Pavlov’s Dog http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Cpo. Lx. EN 54 ho&feature=related Table of Contents

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1. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that is originally neutral in regard to the response to be learned is the a) unconditioned stimulus b) unconditioned response c) conditioned stimulus d) conditioned response Table of Contents

• 2. Sara is watching a storm. A bolt of lightening is followed immediately by a huge crash of thunder and makes her jump. This happens several more times. The storm starts to move away and there is a gap between the lightening bolt and the sound of thunder, yet Sara jumps at the lightening bolt. What is the: • UCS • UCR • CS • CR Table of Contents

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: MORE TERMINOLOGY • • Trial = pairing of UCS and CS Acquisition = initial stage in learning Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space 3 types of Classical Conditioning • Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS begin and end together • Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins just before the UCS, end together • Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends before UCS is presented • Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life • • Conditioned fears Other conditioned emotional responses Conditioning and physiological responses Conditioning and drug effects Table of Contents

PHOBIAS AND CONDITIONING • Phobias are irrational fears of specific objects, animals, or situations • People acquire phobias through conditioning Table of Contents

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND PLEASANT RESPONSE • Advertising campaigns use classical conditioning • Pairing a healthy, young, pretty model with a product • John Watson Table of Contents

POSITIVE EMOTIONS • A song on the radio • Scent, fragrance, or perfume • Passing a bakery Table of Contents

APPLICATIONS: DRUG ADDICTION • Withdrawal/“cold turkey” • Cues or triggers in the environment • Avoidance of cues Table of Contents

TASTE AVERSIONS • John Garcia explained the role of classical conditioning in creating taste aversions • Timing/single instance Table of Contents

TASTE AVERSION: AN APPLICATION • Aversions can have survival benefits • How to protect sheep from coyotes without killing the coyotes Table of Contents

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Acquisition of a conditioned response occurs gradually • Timing is very important • The intensity of the US Table of Contents

GENERALIZATION • Occurs when a subject responds to a second stimulus similar to the original (CS) without any conditioning Table of Contents

DISCRIMINATION • The ability to respond differently to different stimuli (dog only gets excited when moms car pulls up, not you) • Generalization and discrimination are each a part of everyday life Table of Contents

EXTINCTION • The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response (when the response you wanted to occur doesn’t) • The response disappears but is not forgotten (spontaneous recovery) • Reconditioning Table of Contents

JOHN B. WATSON • The case of “Little Albert” (made a loud noise to make baby scared, then put a rat to make him scared) • Fear response • Ethics Table of Contents

• 3. Steve's mouth waters whenever he eats anything with lemon in it. One day, while seeing an advertisement showing lemons, his mouth begins to water. What is the: • UCS • UCR • CS • CR Table of Contents

4. The initial stage of learning a response is called a) extinction b) contiguity c) acquisition d) conditioning Table of Contents

OPERANT CONDITIONING OR INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING • Edward L. Thorndike (1913) – the law of effect – puzzle box and learning curve • B. F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement • Operant chamber – “Skinner Box” ( positive and negative reinforcement ) • Emission of response • Reinforcement contingencies – antecedents, behaviors, and consequences (ABC) • Cumulative recorder – F 6. 13 b Table of Contents

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Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning • Acquisition • Shaping – animal examples • Extinction • Stimulus Control • Generalization • Discrimination • Remote controlled rat Table of Contents

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REINFORCEMENT: CONSEQUENCES THAT STRENGTHEN RESPONSES • Delayed Reinforcement • Longer delay, slower conditioning • Primary Reinforces • Satisfy biological needs • Secondary Reinforces • Conditioned reinforcement Table of Contents

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT • Continuous reinforcement • Intermittent (partial) reinforcement • Ratio schedules • Fixed • Variable • Interval schedules • Fixed • Variable Table of Contents

5. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded? a) fixed ratio b) fixed interval c) variable ratio d) variable interval Table of Contents

6. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as a) primary reinforcers b) classical conditioning c) secondary reinforcers d) unconditioned reinforcers Table of Contents

7. Watson and Rayner’s classical conditioning of “Little Albert” was helpful in explaining that a) some conditioned stimuli do not generalize b) human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning c) drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning d) small children are not as easily Table of Contents conditioned as older children

8. Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend’s house. He didn’t know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms? a) pizza b) stomach virus c) mushrooms d) headache Table of Contents

9. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a) Buying a child a video game after she throws a tantrum. b) Going inside to escape a thunderstorm. c) Assigning a student detention for fighting. d) Getting a cavity filled at the dentist to halt a toothache. Table of Contents

CONSEQUENCES: REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT • Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus • Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus • Escape learning • Avoidance learning • Decreasing a response: • Punishment • Problems with punishment – third variable problem and correlation between punishment and aggression – F 6. 21 Table of Contents

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CHANGES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CONDITIONING • Biological Constraints on Conditioning • Breland (1961) – misbehavior of organisms • Instinctive Drift • Conditioned Taste Aversion – Garcia & Koelling (1966) Preparedness and Phobias • Cognitive Influences on Conditioning • Signal relations • Response-outcome relations • Latent learning • Evolutionary Perspectives on learning Table of Contents

10. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you’d been working on several hours before. This is an example of: a) insight b) backward conditioning c) latent learning d) discrimination Table of Contents

11. If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely a) be motivated to seek comfort from you b) experience learned helplessness c) model the behavior of other pets in hopes of avoiding it d) seek out challenges like this in Table of Contents the future to disprove the

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: BASIC PROCESSES • Albert Bandura (1977, 1986) • Observational learning Vicarious conditioning • Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1963) – featured study • 4 key processes • • attention reproduction Motivation • acquisition vs. performance- learning or actually doing it Table of Contents

12. Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to execute the gymnastic move you desire because of a) preparedness b) instinctive drift c) chaining d) shaping Table of Contents

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Chapter 6 Answer Key 1. C 2. UCS: crash of thunder UCR: jump to crash of thunder CS: lightening bolt CR: jump to lightening bolt 3. UCS: lemons UCR: mouth watering to lemon CS: advertisement CR: mouth watering to advertisement 4. C 5. D 5. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. B Table of Contents