Chapter 6 Evolution of Exteriors Objectives n Summarize

Chapter 6 Evolution of Exteriors

Objectives n Summarize the development of exterior architectural styles throughout history, including Traditional, Modern, Contemporary. n Compare and contrast historical architectural and housing styles.

Exterior Evolution n The exteriors of a house have evolved over time n Settlers brought with them their ideas of what houses should look like n The homes are usually grouped by style and time period

Traditional Houses reflect the experiences and traditions of the past eras, changed over time to meet the needs of their inhabitants. n Traditional homes are grouped into two major categories, including n Folk houses – a style originating from the common experiences of a group of people. n Classic houses – a style that represents the authentic repetition of architecture with enduring excellence.

Traditional Folk Houses n Affected by n Climate – cold and hot areas from different regions n geographical area n ethnic experiences n lifestyle of the occupants n available natural resources continued

Traditional Folk Houses n Traditional folk houses include n Native American n Early English n Spanish n Scandinavian n German n Dutch n French

Native American Influence n Native Americans have had a large impact on housing today. n Log hogans (Navajo) n Adobe dwellings (pueblo) n Box like construction n Flat roofs n Projecting roof beams

Native American Influence Hogan by the Navajo Indians

Hogans by the Navajo Indians

Pueblo Indians Adobe dwellings

Adobe by the Pueblo Indians

Spanish Influence n South and Southwest. Climate is very warm and dry. n The traditional aspects will be seen in warmer climates. n Asymmetrical design n Red roof tiles n Arch-shaped windows and doors n Wrought iron décor n Stucco walls- type of plaster applied to exterior walls of house.

Spanish Influence

Scandinavian Log cabins are the largest impact Scandinavia plays on housing today. n Small, one story, rectangular n Gable roofs- come to a point in center and slope on both sides.

Log Cabin Homes

Dutch Influence n Dutch Colonial- 1 st built in New York and Delaware. n Made of fieldstone or brick, sometimes wood. n Gambrel roof- eaves that flare outward. n Dormers- structures that project through the roof and contain windows on the 2 nd floor. n Central entrance n Chimney off center n Windows with small panes

Dutch Colonial

German Influence n 1 st German-American homes were built in Pennsylvania Dutch Colonial Gable roofs n Thick fieldstone walls, becoming more elaborate over time. n Roof ledges between 1 st and 2 nd floor called pent roofs. n

French Influence n The French also has played a big role in housing styles today. n French Manor n Symmetrical n Wings on each side of the roof. n Mansard roof on main part of home- type of gambrel roof. Architects name was mansard. n Dormers

French Manor

French Influence (cont. ) n French Provincial- 1 st built in New Orleans. (great picture in text) n Sometimes 2 ½ stories tall n Symmetrical n Tops of windows break into eave lines.

English/Colonial Influence n These were usually simple, small and eventually grew larger by additions. n Cape Cod- small, symmetrical, 1 ½ story. n Gable roof n Central entrance & chimney n Several fireplaces n shutters

Cape Cod

English/Colonial Influence n Salt Box- type of Cape Cod. n Term comes from the shape of the boxes that were used to store salt at the time. n Lean-to section to the back. n 2 -2 ½ stories tall n Steep gable roof, extended to floor in the rear. n Large central chimney n Large windows with small panes

Salt Box

English/Colonial Influence n Garrison- named for it’s early garrisons, or forts. n Overhanging second story- this allows extra space without widening the foundation. n Symmetrical design n Steep gable roof n Windows with small panes

Garrison Housing

English Influence n Georgian n Simple exterior lines n Windows with small panes n Gable OR Hip roof-sloping ends and sides. Sometimes topped by a flat area with a balustrade- railing. n Tall chimneys at each end of roof. n Ornamentation under the eaves.

Georgian

Federal Style Housing n Boxlike shape n At least 2 stories tall n Symmetrical n Flat roof surrounded by a balustrade. n Sometimes has a portico- an open space covered with a roof that is supported by columns. n Pediments- decorations that are usually found over the porticoes, windows, or doors. n Segmental or Triangular

Federal Style

Greek Influence n Greek Revival n 2 story portico that is supported by Greek columns and has a large triangular pediment. n Usually large in size n Many government buildings are designed in Greek Revival.

Greek Revival

Southern Colonial Influence n Southern Colonial is similar to Greek Revival. n Large, 2 -3 story. n Symmetrical n 2 story columns extend across entire front. n Hip or Gable roof. n Often include dormers, shutters, and belvedere-small room on the roof used as a lookout.

Southern Colonial Columns

Victorian Homes n Victorian houses are named after Queen Victoria of England. n n n n Decorative Trim High porches Gable roofs Tall windows High ceilings Turret-small tower Gingerbread- the extensive decoration on these homes

Victorian

Modern Houses n Styles developed in the 20 th century. n These are relatively new compared to other styles but may have influences from the past. n Bungalow n n n One story Low pitched roof Shingled roof extending beyond the walls Sometimes a covered porch that is enclosed. Wood or brick Windows are set high so furniture can be placed underneath.

Bungalow

Prairie Style n Orgin: Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. n It’s interior space visually flows outdoors through porches, terraces, and windows. n Designed to blend with natural surroundings.

Prairie Style

Modern n Ranch; n n n One-story structure Often has basement Low-pitched roof with wide overhang. Usually made of building materials with energy saving features. Usually expensive to build because the amount of land it takes up. Origin: USA; West

Types of Ranch Houses n Hillside Ranch- built on a hill. n Part of the basement is exposed. n Raised Ranch- split entry. n Top part of the basement is above ground. n This allows light to enter the basement.

Modern n Split-level- 3 or 4 levels. n Usually built on sloping lots. n Good for splitting us different areas in the house. Ex. Social, quiet, and service areas. n Not convenient for people with special needs.

Split-Level

Contemporary House n These are the “latest” designs. n Sometimes controversial. n Architectural styles are not traditional. n Unique designs that differ greatly from house to house.

Solar Housing n Active solar heating systems- panels installed in the roof of the building to capture the sun’s energy. Fans move the heated air to areas needed. n Passive solar heating areas- no working parts. They include a design that maximizes use of sun for heating. n Dark colored walls may be used to absorb heat and transfer inside.

Solar Houses n Solar houses use systems and techniques that utilize energy from the sun n Active solar heating systems use special equipment, such as motors and fans to attract and use solar energy n Passive solar heating systems have no working parts and rely on direct sunlight on materials to attract and store solar energy, such as large windows and dark walls

Discuss n Solar homes use the sun to generate electricity, to heat the hot water, and to heat the space ©Rob Bryan/Shutterstock. com What features of this solar home make it energy efficient?

Earth-Sheltered Housing n Earth-sheltered housing- partially covered with soil. Energy efficient because the soil is a natural insulation that protects the house. n Some are partly underground or into a hill. n Some use part solar energy also. n

Earth-Sheltered Houses n Earth-sheltered houses are partially covered with soil n The soil helps n insulate the house n protect the house from the elements (wind, low temperatures)

Postmodern Houses n Postmodern houses began in the 1970 s and continue today n The features n are diverse with a sense of “less is more” n have a “wit” and can be bizarre or shocking n include unexpected and playful elements

Discuss n Postmodern homes are unique and diverse ©bbbb/Shutterstock. com What features are unusual

Recap n Many exterior housing styles exist in the United States, including styles that n evolved from Native Americans n settlers brought from their homelands n Traditional folk styles include n Native American, Spanish, Scandinavian, Dutch, German, French, and English n Early English styles also included the Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison styles continued

Recap n Classic Traditional styles evolved during Colonial times, including such styles as n Georgian n Federal and Adam n Early Classical Revival n Greek Revival n Southern Colonial n Victorian continued

Recap n Modern and contemporary housing appeared in the 20 th century n These houses were designed to n take advantage of the environment n fit changing lifestyles n Modern houses include n Prairie style n Arts and Crafts, bungalow n International continued

Recap n Styles of contemporary housing built today vary greatly, but may include n earth-sheltered and solar houses n Contemporary homes may use traditional features in a unique, distinctive way n Postmodernism combines n features of past housing with a new look that is sometimes jarring to the viewer