Chapter 6 Early Adulthood Module 6 1 Physical

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright ©

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education,

Physical Development and the Senses • • • Physical development and maturation complete Peak

Motor Functioning, Fitness, and Health: Staying Well Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Physical Fitness • • • Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet No more

Benefits of Exercise • • • Cardiovascular fitness increase Lung capacity increases, raising endurance

One of the Best Pay-Offs: Longevity Greater fitness level = lower the death rate

Health • Leading causes of death among young adults (ages 25 -34) are: –

Secondary Aging • Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or abuse—of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or

Violence and Death: Tracking Murder Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright ©

Review and Apply REVIEW • By young adulthood, the body and the senses are

Review and Apply APPLY • What factors do you think contribute to the comparatively

Eating, Nutrition, and Obesity • Most young adults know which foods are healthy, but

Age and Obesity 322 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009

Physical Disabilities in Young Adulthood: Coping With Physical Challenge • Some 50+ million Americans

Barriers: Discrimination and Prejudice • • Despite Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), many older

Review and Apply REVIEW • Even in young adulthood, health must be maintained by

Review and Apply APPLY • What developmental factors make it hard for young adults

Understanding Stress • What is Stress? – A nonspecific response of the body to

Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood • STRESS: Response to events that threaten or

Lazarus and Folkman • People move through series of stages that determine whether or

Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright ©

Predicting Stressful Event (Shelly Taylor, 1991) • • Negative emotions are more likely to

Stress and Illness • Walter Cannon observed that, in response to stress, the sympathetic

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Figure 14. 2 Stress appraisal Myers: Psychology,

Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress Sympathetic Nervous System Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S.

Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) • Stress and the HPA Axis: • Prolonged

Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) • Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 1. Alarm 2.

Health and Stress Management (Continued) • Our emotional reaction to stress largely depends on

Style, Stress, & Health • In comparison to pessimists, optimists report less fatigue, have

Social Support & Stress • Feeling liked, affirmed, and encouraged by intimate friends and

Social Support & Stress • Social support strengthens immune functioning, calms the cardiovascular system,

Aerobic Exercise & Stress • Aerobic exercise, sustained exercise that increases heart and lung

Aerobic Exercise & Stress • Research has linked aerobic exercise to higher levels of

Consequences of Stress • PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS • COPING 324 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert

Styles of Coping • • Problem-focused coping (directly managing the threat, attempt to change

Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping • Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with lower rate

The Informed Consumer of Development Coping with Stress: General Guidelines • Seek control over

Review and Apply REVIEW • Stress, which is a healthy reaction in small doses,

Review and Apply APPLY • In what circumstances can stress be an adaptive, helpful

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Chapter 6: Early Adulthood Module 6. 1 Physical Development in Early Adulthood Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Physical Development and the Senses • • • Physical development and maturation complete Peak of physical capabilities Brain wave patterns show more mature patterns Senses are peak Most professional athletes at peak during early adulthood 316 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Physical Fitness • • • Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet No more than 10% Americans exercise enough to keep themselves in good physical shape Less than 20% participate in moderate exercise on regular basis 317 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Benefits of Exercise • • • Cardiovascular fitness increase Lung capacity increases, raising endurance Stronger muscles and greater flexibility Greater range of movement More elasticity in muscles, tendons, and ligaments Reduction in osteoporosis Optimization of immune response Decreased stress level Increased sense of control over their bodies and feeling of accomplishment 317 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

One of the Best Pay-Offs: Longevity Greater fitness level = lower the death rate 317 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Health • Leading causes of death among young adults (ages 25 -34) are: – – – • Accidents AIDS Cancer Heart disease Suicide Murder Gender and SES differences 318 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Secondary Aging • Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or abuse—of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or engaging in unprotected sex, can hasten secondary aging • This can also increase a young adult’s risk of dying 318 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • By young adulthood, the body and the senses are at their peak, but growth still proceeds, particularly in the brain. • Young adults are generally as fit and healthy as they will ever be. Accidents present the greatest risk of death. • In the United States, violence is also a significant risk during young adulthood, particularly for non-White males. 320 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply APPLY • What factors do you think contribute to the comparatively high risk of automobile accidents during young adulthood? How can this be changed? 320 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Eating, Nutrition, and Obesity • Most young adults know which foods are healthy, but ignore good nutrition – Physical growth begins to decline – Calorie reduction necessary 320 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Physical Disabilities in Young Adulthood: Coping With Physical Challenge • Some 50+ million Americans are physically challenged – • Fewer than 10% of people with major handicaps have finished high school Fewer than 25% of disabled men and 15% of disabled women work full time – Adults with handicaps are often unemployed, or stuck in routine, low-paying jobs 322 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Barriers: Discrimination and Prejudice • • Despite Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), many older buildings are inaccessible to wheelchairs Prejudice and discrimination affect way disabled people think of themselves – Pity, avoidance – Treating adults as children – Seeing disabled person as a category rather than individual 322 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Even in young adulthood, health must be maintained by proper diet and exercise. Obesity is increasingly a problem for young adults. • People with physical disabilities face not only physical barriers but also psychological barriers caused by prejudice. 322 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply APPLY • What developmental factors make it hard for young adults to understand that they may have to change their eating habits and personal choices? 322 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Understanding Stress • What is Stress? – A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it; – the arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 20

Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood • STRESS: Response to events that threaten or challenge an individual • Pleasant events and unpleasant events • Long-term, continuous exposure may result in a reduction of body's ability to deal with stress 323 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Lazarus and Folkman • People move through series of stages that determine whether or not they will experience stress – PRIMARY APPRAISAL (determine whether event is positive or negative or neutral) – SECONDARY APPRAISAL (assessment of own capabilities and resources to deal with problem) 323 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Predicting Stressful Event (Shelly Taylor, 1991) • • Negative emotions are more likely to produce stress Uncontrollable or unpredictable situations are more likely to produce stress Ambiguous and confusing situations produce more stress Simultaneously tasks demands are more likely to experience stress 323 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Stress and Illness • Walter Cannon observed that, in response to stress, the sympathetic nervous system activates the secretion of stress hormones, triggers increased heart rate and respiration, diverts blood to skeletal muscles, and releases sugar and fat from the body’s stores, all to prepare the body for either “fight or flight. ” Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Figure 14. 2 Stress appraisal Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress Sympathetic Nervous System Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. HPA Axis 27

Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) • Stress and the HPA Axis: • Prolonged elevation of cortisol is related to: – increased depression, memory problems, etc. – impaired immune system, which leaves the body vulnerable to disease. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 28

Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) • Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 29

Health and Stress Management (Continued) • Our emotional reaction to stress largely depends on how we interpret it. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 30

Style, Stress, & Health • In comparison to pessimists, optimists report less fatigue, have fewer aches and pains, and respond to stress with smaller increases in blood pressure. • Optimists also tend to outlive pessimists. Laughter (but not hostile sarcasm) may reduce stress and strengthen the immune Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Social Support & Stress • Feeling liked, affirmed, and encouraged by intimate friends and family promotes both happiness and health. • People with supportive friends and marriage partners eat better, exercise more, sleep better, and smoke less; thus they cope with stress more effectively. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Social Support & Stress • Social support strengthens immune functioning, calms the cardiovascular system, and lowers blood pressure. • Even companionable pets help people cope with stressful events. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Aerobic Exercise & Stress • Aerobic exercise, sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness, can reduce stress, depression, and anxiety. • It strengthens the heart, increases blood flow, keeps blood vessels open, and lowers both blood pressure and the blood pressure reaction to stress. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Aerobic Exercise & Stress • Research has linked aerobic exercise to higher levels of neurotransmitters that boost moods, to enhanced cognitive abilities, and to the growth of new brain cells in mice. • One estimate suggests that moderate exercise adds two years to one’s expected life. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Styles of Coping • • Problem-focused coping (directly managing the threat, attempt to change the situation) Emotion-focused coping (regulating emotional reaction, telling yourself it will be ok, not so bad) Social support coping (relying on others to help) Defense coping involves (unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true problem) 325 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping • Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stress-related illness • Resilience is ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive following profound adversity 326 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Informed Consumer of Development Coping with Stress: General Guidelines • Seek control over the situation producing the stress • Redefine “threat” as “challenge” • Find social support • Use relaxation techniques 327 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Stress, which is a healthy reaction in small doses, can be harmful to body and mind if it is frequent or long-lasting. • Long-term exposure to stressors may cause deterioration in the heart, blood vessels, and other body tissues. Stress is linked to many common ailments. • Strategies for coping with stress include problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, the use of social support, and defensive coping. 328 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply APPLY • In what circumstances can stress be an adaptive, helpful response? In what circumstances is it maladaptive? 328 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.