Chapter 54 Community Ecology Community Ecology The study
- Slides: 56
Chapter 54 Community Ecology
Community Ecology • The study of the interactions between the species in an area.
Interspecific Interactions • Interaction between species. • May be positive, negative, or neutral (in regards to fitness) • Ex: Predation Mimicry Competition Symbiosis
Predation (+/-) • Predator and prey relationships. • Ex – Lynx and Hares
Herbivory (+/-) • When an organism eats parts of a plant or algae. • Herbivore – may have special adaptations to find their prey. • Plants – may have adaptations to avoid being eaten.
Predation/Herbivory • Often results in interesting defenses or adaptations. • Ex: • Cryptic coloration • Aposematic coloration
Cryptic Coloration • A passive defense where the prey is camouflaged against its environment.
Aposematic Coloration • The use of poison arrow frogs conspicuous colors in toxic or unpalatable organisms to warn off predators.
Mimicry • Defense mechanism where the mimic has a resemblance to another species, the model. • Types: • Batesian • Müllerian
Batesian Mimicry • Palatable species mimics an unpalatable model. Hawk moth larva Snake
Müllerian Mimicry • Two unpalatable species resemble each other. Cuckoo Bee Yellow Jacket
Competition • When two species rely on the same limiting resource. • Intraspecific competition usually more severe than Interspecific competition. • Why?
Competitive Exclusion Principle • Predicts that two species with the same exact requirement cannot co-exist in the same community. • The better adapted species will survive and the less adapted will go extinct.
Think, Pair, Share • Discuss if the Competitive Exclusion Principle explain the spacing of fast food restaurants on the “strip” in most towns.
Ecological Niche • The sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment is called the species’ ecological niche. • How a species “makes its living” in its ecosystem. • Species can not have niche overlap, the Competitive Exclusion Principle
Niche Types 1. Fundamental - what a species is theoretically capable of using. 2. Realized - what a species can actually use.
Think, Pair, Share • Again in terms of fast food restaurants, explain the concept of a fundamental vs. realized niche.
Resource Partitioning • A way that species avoid niche overlap by splitting up the available resources. • Ex: Anolis lizards
A. distichus A. insolitus
Symbiosis • When two different species live together in direct contact. • Types: 1. Parasitism 2. Commensalism 3. Mutualism
Parasitism (+/-) • Parasite harms the host. • Parasites may be external or internal. • Well adapted parasites don't kill the host. • https: //www. youtube. com/watc h? v=uvdi. Yg 6 ZN-U Sci-Show Parasites
Commensalism (+/o) • One partner benefits while the other is unchanged. • Ex. – Cattle and Egrets
Mutualism (+/+) • Both partners Acacia Tree and Ants benefit from the interaction. • Ex: Pollinators and flowers
Species with large impacts • Some species have larger impacts on a community structure than others. • Ex: • Dominant Species • Keystone Species • Foundation Species
Dominant Species • A species that is the most abundant or has the highest biomass in a community. • Has a major effect on a community both biotically and abiotically.
Reason for Dominance? • Best Competitor? • Best in avoiding predators and disease? • Invasive species may fit the last explanation.
Example • Chestnuts – used to make up to 40% of the forest. • Lost between 1910 -1950 because of fungus disease. • Major impact on wood and nut industries.
Response • Some tree species increased in abundance to fill the gap. • Mammals and birds did OK. • 7 species of insects went extinct.
Keystone Species • Not a dominant species, but has a major impact in the community structure. • Often a top predator that controls the numbers of other species. • Ex. Sea Otters
Foundation Species • Species that cause physical changes in the environment that affect others. • Ex. Beavers, Bison, Black Rush
• https: //www. youtube. com/watc h? v=ysa 5 OBh. Xz-Q • How wolves change rivers
Succession • Changes in species composition over time.
Succession Stages • Climax Community - An ecological community in w hich populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their envi ronment.
Succession Types 1. Primary 2. Secondary
Primary Succession • Succession with only abiotic materials as the starting substrate • Ex: volcanic islands glaciated areas road cuts
Secondary Succession • Succession with biotic materials (living or dead) as the starting substrate • Ex: • Cutting down a forest • Forest fire • Tornado/storm damage
Steps of Succession • Pioneer Species – the first organisms to appear in the area in primary succession • Usually moss or lichens
What do Pioneer Species Change? • Enrich the soil – as generations die, their remains decompose and add nutrients to the soil (often N). • The soil is now able to support a greater variety of species such as grasses and small shrubs.
• Which occurs faster, primary or secondary succession? • What can you do to speed up succession?
Point • If you understand the causes and controlling factors of succession, you can manipulate them.
Some points about Succession • The Organisms are changing in the area over time. General pattern is an increase in biodiversity. • The Climate of the area is NOT changing over time.
Other Changes • Soil – becomes richer in N, more depth, better water retention etc. • Light – can decrease at ground level because of shading by taller plants.
Summary • Know the various types of interspecific interactions. • Know the Competitive Exclusion Principle and Niche Concept. • Know Species with large impacts.
Summary • Know some examples and causes of succession.
- Chapter 3, section 1: community ecology answer key
- Chapter 54 community ecology
- Organism
- Biological disturbance
- Chapter 5 evolution and community ecology
- Chapter 5 evolution and community ecology answer key
- Chapter 54 community ecology
- Chapter 4 section 1 population dynamics study guide
- Ecology study guide answers
- Ecology is the study that helps to preserve
- 52
- Ecosystem vs community
- Community ecology
- Definition of community ecology
- Community definition ecology
- An organisms rank in a feeding hierarchy
- Symbiosis examples
- Hát kết hợp bộ gõ cơ thể
- Lp html
- Bổ thể
- Tỉ lệ cơ thể trẻ em
- Chó sói
- Thang điểm glasgow
- Alleluia hat len nguoi oi
- Các môn thể thao bắt đầu bằng từ đua
- Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Công thức tính độ biến thiên đông lượng
- Trời xanh đây là của chúng ta thể thơ
- Mật thư tọa độ 5x5
- 101012 bằng
- Phản ứng thế ankan
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Thơ thất ngôn tứ tuyệt đường luật
- Quá trình desamine hóa có thể tạo ra
- Một số thể thơ truyền thống
- Cái miệng nó xinh thế chỉ nói điều hay thôi
- Vẽ hình chiếu vuông góc của vật thể sau
- Thế nào là sự mỏi cơ
- đặc điểm cơ thể của người tối cổ
- Ví dụ về giọng cùng tên
- Vẽ hình chiếu đứng bằng cạnh của vật thể
- Vẽ hình chiếu vuông góc của vật thể sau
- Thẻ vin
- đại từ thay thế
- điện thế nghỉ
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Diễn thế sinh thái là
- Dot
- Các số nguyên tố
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Lời thề hippocrates
- Thiếu nhi thế giới liên hoan
- ưu thế lai là gì
- Hươu thường đẻ mỗi lứa mấy con
- Sự nuôi và dạy con của hươu
- Hệ hô hấp