Chapter 51 INNATE LEARNED BEHAVIOR You Need to

Chapter 51 INNATE & LEARNED BEHAVIOR

You Need to Know… • How behaviors are the result of natural selection • How innate and learned behaviors increase survival and reproductive fitness © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethology • Behavior: action carried out by muscles under control of nervous system – Genetic & environmental triggers – Essential for survival & reproduction – Subject to natural selection © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Understanding Behavior Proximate Cause Ultimate Cause • How a behavior occurs • Why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Innate Behaviors • Fixed action pattern – Sequence of innate behaviors that is unchangeable – Once initiated, carried to completion – Triggered by an external cue (sign stimulus) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Innate Behaviors • Directed Movements – Kinesis: simple change in activity in response to a stimulus – Taxis: automatic movement, oriented +/- from a stimulus © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Innate Behaviors • Migration – Regular, long-distance change in location – Triggered by environmental cues – Remain oriented by • • Position of the sun Circadian clock Position of the North Star Earth’s magnetic field © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Innate Behaviors Signal Communication • Behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior • Transmission and reception of signals © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learned Behaviors • Habituation – Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learned Behaviors • Imprinting – Behavior that includes learning and innate components – Generally irreversible – Distinguished from other learning by a sensitive period © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learned Behaviors • Associative learning: associate one feature of the environment with another – Classical Conditioning • Arbitrary stimulus associated with a particular outcome – Operant Conditioning • Associate behavior with reward or punishment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learned Behaviors • Observational Learning – Behavior is learned by watching the actions of another organism © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learned Behaviors • Cognition – Process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learned Behaviors • Problem Solving (Insight) – Process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle – Relies on cognition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learned Behaviors • Social learning – Learning through the observation of others – Forms the roots of culture • Influences behavior of individuals in a population © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.