Chapter 5 TISSUES 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning All

Introduction • Tissue: groups of cells with similar function • Histology: study of tissues

EPITHELIAL TISSUE © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

Introduction • • Protects underlying tissues Absorbs nutrients Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes Excretes waste

Introduction (cont’d. ) • Basement membrane: anchor • Named according to shape, arrangement, function

Classification Based on Shape • Squamous: flat (protection) • Cuboidal: cube shaped (protection and

Classification Based on Shape (cont’d. ) Squamous epithelial cells Photo copyright Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited,

Classification Based on Shape (cont’d. ) Cuboidal epithelial cells Photo copyright Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Classification Based on Shape (cont’d. ) Columnar epithelial cells Photo copyright Richard Kessel/Visuals Unlimited,

Classification Based on Arrangement • Simple: one cell layer • Stratified: several layers •

Classification Based on Arrangement (cont’d. ) Pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium Photo copyright John D.

Classification Based on Arrangement (cont’d. ) Transitional epithelium Photo copyright Richard Kessel/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Classification Based on Function • • Mucous membrane: mucus production Exocrine glands: simple and

CONNECTIVE TISSUE © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

Introduction • Cells with large amount of intercellular material • Matrix embedded with: –

Loose Connective Tissue • Fills space between and penetrates organs • Areolar: injury repair,

Loose Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) Areolar (loose) connective tissue Photo copyright John D. Cunningham/Visuals

Dense Connective Tissue • Regular arrangement – Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses • Irregular arrangement –

Dense Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) Tendon (dense) connective tissue Photo copyright John D. Cunningham/Visuals

Specialized Connective Tissue • Cartilage – Cells called chondrocytes • Found in lacunae –

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Bone – Compact – Cancellous – Mineral salts:

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Teeth – Dentin – Enamel © 2012 Delmar

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) Bone (osseous tissue) Photo copyright Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Blood: fluid portion and formed elements • Lymphoid:

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Reticuloendothelial system: phagocytosis – Kupffer cells in liver

Connective Tissue Functions • Support – Bones, cartilage • Nourishment – Blood • Transportation

Connective Tissue Functions (cont’d. ) • Connection – Tendons, ligaments • Movement – Bones,

Connective Tissue Functions (cont’d. ) • Storage – Bone, fat • Attachment and separation

MUSCLE TISSUE © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) • Smooth – Spindle-shaped, single nucleus – Not striated –

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) muscle Photo copyright R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) • Striated (skeletal) – Long thin cells – Multinucleated and

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) Skeletal (striated voluntary) muscle Photo copyright R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) • Cardiac – Only in the heart – Uninucleated and

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) Cardiac muscle Photo copyright John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. ©

NERVOUS TISSUE © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) • Neurons – Conducting cells – Very long: called nerve

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) • Neuroglia: supporting cells • Nervous tissue – Makes up

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) • Nervous tissue – Allows perception – Controls emotion and

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) Motor neuron Photo copyright Triarch/Visuals Unlimited © 2012 Delmar Cengage

Summary • Introduced the concept of tissues and how to classify tissues • Classified

Summary (cont’d. ) • Described the three types of muscle tissue • Discussed nervous

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Introduction • Tissue: groups of cells with similar function • Histology: study of tissues • Tissue types – Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Introduction • • Protects underlying tissues Absorbs nutrients Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes Excretes waste © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Introduction (cont’d. ) • Basement membrane: anchor • Named according to shape, arrangement, function • Cells are closely packed © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Shape • Squamous: flat (protection) • Cuboidal: cube shaped (protection and secretion) • Columnar: tall and rectangular (secretion and absorption) © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Shape (cont’d. ) Squamous epithelial cells Photo copyright Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Shape (cont’d. ) Cuboidal epithelial cells Photo copyright Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Shape (cont’d. ) Columnar epithelial cells Photo copyright Richard Kessel/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Arrangement • Simple: one cell layer • Stratified: several layers • Pseudostratified: appears to be several layers but is not • Transitional: several layers of easily stretched cells © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Arrangement (cont’d. ) Pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium Photo copyright John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Arrangement (cont’d. ) Transitional epithelium Photo copyright Richard Kessel/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classification Based on Function • • Mucous membrane: mucus production Exocrine glands: simple and compound Endocrine: hormone secretion Endothelium: lines vessels – Endocardium • Mesothelium (serous): lines great cavities © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Introduction • Cells with large amount of intercellular material • Matrix embedded with: – Collagen – Elastin • Subgroups: loose, dense, specialized © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Loose Connective Tissue • Fills space between and penetrates organs • Areolar: injury repair, phagocytosis, inflammatory response – Fibroblasts, histiocytes, mast cells • Adipose: fat storage • Reticular: framework © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Loose Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) Areolar (loose) connective tissue Photo copyright John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dense Connective Tissue • Regular arrangement – Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses • Irregular arrangement – Muscle sheaths, joint capsules, fascia © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dense Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) Tendon (dense) connective tissue Photo copyright John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Specialized Connective Tissue • Cartilage – Cells called chondrocytes • Found in lacunae – Types • Hyaline: ribs, nose, trachea • Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disks • Elastic: ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Bone – Compact – Cancellous – Mineral salts: especially calcium and phosphorus © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Teeth – Dentin – Enamel © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) Bone (osseous tissue) Photo copyright Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Blood: fluid portion and formed elements • Lymphoid: antibody production and disease protection © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d. ) • Reticuloendothelial system: phagocytosis – Kupffer cells in liver – Macrophages – Neuroglia • Synovial: lines joints © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Connective Tissue Functions • Support – Bones, cartilage • Nourishment – Blood • Transportation – Blood © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Connective Tissue Functions (cont’d. ) • Connection – Tendons, ligaments • Movement – Bones, tendons • Protection and insulation – Bones, blood, fat © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Connective Tissue Functions (cont’d. ) • Storage – Bone, fat • Attachment and separation – Attaches skin to muscle © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) • Smooth – Spindle-shaped, single nucleus – Not striated – Involuntary – Digestive tract, arteries and veins, ureters – Peristalsis © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) muscle Photo copyright R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) • Striated (skeletal) – Long thin cells – Multinucleated and striated – Actin and myosin – Voluntary – Movement by pulling on bones © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) Skeletal (striated voluntary) muscle Photo copyright R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) • Cardiac – Only in the heart – Uninucleated and striated – Involuntary – Cylindrical shape • Connected to other cardiac muscle cells by intercalated disks © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Muscle Tissue (cont’d. ) Cardiac muscle Photo copyright John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) • Neurons – Conducting cells – Very long: called nerve fibers – Parts • Cell body: contains nucleus • Dendrites: rootlike extensions that receive stimuli • Axons: long thin extensions that transmit impulse © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) • Neuroglia: supporting cells • Nervous tissue – Makes up brain, spinal cord and nerves – Is most highly organized tissue of the body – Controls and coordinates body activities © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) • Nervous tissue – Allows perception – Controls emotion and reasoning – Stores memories © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nervous Tissue (cont’d. ) Motor neuron Photo copyright Triarch/Visuals Unlimited © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary • Introduced the concept of tissues and how to classify tissues • Classified epithelial tissue based on shape and arrangement • Described the three major types of connective tissue © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary (cont’d. ) • Described the three types of muscle tissue • Discussed nervous tissue and its functions © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.