Chapter 5 Theory Analysis and Evaluation Copyright 2015

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Chapter 5 Theory Analysis and Evaluation Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott

Chapter 5 Theory Analysis and Evaluation Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation • The process of systematically examining a theory • Criteria vary but

Theory Evaluation • The process of systematically examining a theory • Criteria vary but generally include examination of: – Origins – Meaning – Logical adequacy – Usefulness – Generalizability – Testability Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation—(cont. ) • Purposes of theory evaluation – To identify a theory’s usefulness

Theory Evaluation—(cont. ) • Purposes of theory evaluation – To identify a theory’s usefulness in guiding • Practice • Research • Education • Administration – Gives insight into relationships among concepts – Allows the reviewer to identify strengths and weakness of theory Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: The purpose of theory

Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: The purpose of theory evaluation is to generate new information from theory. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Answer False Rationale: The purpose of theory evaluation is not to generate new knowledge

Answer False Rationale: The purpose of theory evaluation is not to generate new knowledge but to examine theory origins and the relationships of the concepts in theory. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Historical Views on Theory Evaluation • Processes for theory evaluation first published in the

Historical Views on Theory Evaluation • Processes for theory evaluation first published in the 1960 s with the work of Rosemary Ellis. • Others followed in the 1970 s, 1980 s, and 1990 s. • Began with a perceived need to evaluate the new grand theories • Recently, emphasis on evaluation has moved to include middle range theories. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Question In what decade did nursing scholars first publish theory evaluation methods? A. 1930

Question In what decade did nursing scholars first publish theory evaluation methods? A. 1930 s B. 1940 s C. 1950 s D. 1960 s Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Answer D. 1960 s Rationale: Nursing scholars first published models and methods for nursing

Answer D. 1960 s Rationale: Nursing scholars first published models and methods for nursing theory evaluation in the 1960 s. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases • Theory description • Theory analysis • Theory evaluation Copyright ©

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases • Theory description • Theory analysis • Theory evaluation Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases—(cont. ) • Theory description—initial step; works of theorist are reviewed to

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases—(cont. ) • Theory description—initial step; works of theorist are reviewed to understand theory’s: – Structural components (assumptions, concepts, propositions) – Functional components (how linkages are made and used to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe) • Theory analysis • Theory evaluation Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases—(cont. ) • Theory description • Theory analysis—second step of evaluation –

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases—(cont. ) • Theory description • Theory analysis—second step of evaluation – Process of nonjudgmentally examining the content, structure, and function of theory – Goal is to understand theory. – Helps determine if theory has potential for use in practice, research, education, or administration • Theory evaluation Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases—(cont. ) • Theory description • Theory analysis • Theory evaluation—final step

Theory Evaluation—Three Phases—(cont. ) • Theory description • Theory analysis • Theory evaluation—final step of the process – Assesses theory’s potential contribution – Determines how well a theory serves its purpose (describe, explain, etc. ) – Decision or action regarding use of theory Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation Methods • Ellis (1968)—focused on characteristics of significant theories (e. g. ,

Theory Evaluation Methods • Ellis (1968)—focused on characteristics of significant theories (e. g. , scope, complexity, testability, usefulness) • Hardy (1974)—detailed description of criteria for theory evaluation (e. g. , meaning, empirical adequacy, testability, contribution) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation Methods—(cont. ) • Duffey and Muhlenkamp (1974)—first two-phase approach (theory analysis and

Theory Evaluation Methods—(cont. ) • Duffey and Muhlenkamp (1974)—first two-phase approach (theory analysis and theory evaluation) • Barnum (1979, 1998, 2005)—differentiates internal criticism (how theory components fit with each other) and external criticism (how theory relates to the world) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation Methods—(cont. ) • Fawcett (1980, 2000)—two-phase approach – Analysis (nonjudgmental, detailed examination)

Theory Evaluation Methods—(cont. ) • Fawcett (1980, 2000)—two-phase approach – Analysis (nonjudgmental, detailed examination) – Evaluation (requires judgments about practical application) • Walker and Avant (1983, 2005)—Theory analysis is a multistep process (origins, meaning, logical adequacy, usefulness, generalizability, testability). Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Theory Evaluation Methods—(cont. ) • Whall (1989, 2005) – Provides different criteria based on

Theory Evaluation Methods—(cont. ) • Whall (1989, 2005) – Provides different criteria based on level of theory (grand, middle range, and practice theories) – Examines basic considerations, internal analysis/evaluation, and external analysis/evaluation • Dudley-Brown (1997)—examined several issues (accuracy, consistency, fruitfulness, simplicity/complexity, scope, acceptability, and sociocultural utility) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Question Who among the following nurse scholars was the only one to outline three

Question Who among the following nurse scholars was the only one to outline three separate criteria for analysis and evaluation for the three levels of nursing theory? A. Whall B. Chinn C. Fawcett D. Kuhn Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Answer A. Whall Rationale: Whall was the only nursing scholar to outline three different

Answer A. Whall Rationale: Whall was the only nursing scholar to outline three different levels of evaluation for the three levels of nursing theory. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Summary of Evaluation Methods • Most common criteria for evaluation – Complexity/simplicity – Scope/generality

Summary of Evaluation Methods • Most common criteria for evaluation – Complexity/simplicity – Scope/generality – Conceptual definitions – Consistency – Contribution – Usefulness – Testability Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation • Theory description – What is the purpose (describe,

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation • Theory description – What is the purpose (describe, explain, etc. )? – What is the scope/level (grand, middle range)? – What are the origins of theory? – What are the major concepts? – What are the propositions? – What are the major assumptions? – Is the context for use described? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation— (cont. ) • Theory analysis – Are concepts theoretically

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation— (cont. ) • Theory analysis – Are concepts theoretically and operationally defined? – Are statements theoretically and operationally defined? – Are linkages explicit? – Is theory logically organized? – Is there a model or diagram? Is it helpful? – Are components used consistently? – Are outcomes or consequences stated or predicted? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation— (cont. ) • Theory evaluation – Is theory congruent

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation— (cont. ) • Theory evaluation – Is theory congruent with current standards? – Is theory congruent with nursing interventions? – Has theory been tested in research? Is it supported? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation —(cont. ) • Theory evaluation—(cont. ) – Is there

Synthesized Method for Theory Evaluation —(cont. ) • Theory evaluation—(cont. ) – Is there evidence theory has been used in research, education, or administration? – Is theory socially relevant? – Is theory relevant cross-culturally? – Does theory contribute to nursing? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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