Chapter 5 The Working Cell Power Point Lectures

Chapter 5 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ The Working Cell ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by: Nabih A. Baeshen

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Messenger molecule ﺟﺰﻳﺊ ﻣﺮﺳﺎﻝ Receptor Enzymes ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ Activated Molecule ﺟﺰﻳﺊ ﻁ Enzyme activity ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ Signal transduction ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﻱ

Concentration gradient High Concentration ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ from a region of higher to lower concentration Water ﻣﺎﺀ Actice transport ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ Water ﻣﺎﺀ Low Concentration ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ Transport ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ Diagram of a section of a membrane sac ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﺲ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻲ

5. 3 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ § Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy, so it is called passive transport ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ، § ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ – The concentration gradient itself represents potential energy for diffusion – ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ Animation: Diffusion Animation: Membrane Selectivity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 5 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ § Many organisms are able to maintain water balance within their cells by a process called osmoregulation § ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻮﺯﻱ – This process prevents excessive uptake or excessive loss of water – ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻃﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ – Plant, prokaryotic, and fungal cells have different issues with osmoregulation because of their cell walls – ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﺪﺭ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ Video: Chlamydomonas Video: Plasmolysis Video: Paramecium Vacuole Video: Turgid Elodea Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solute molecule ﺟﺰﻳﺀ ﺫﺍﺏ Transport protein ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ Transport protein providing a channel for the diffusion of a specific solute across a membrane ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﺫﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ

5. 8 Cells expend energy in the active transport of a solute against its concentration gradient ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ § Cells have a mechanism for moving a solute against its concentration gradient § ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ آﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ – It requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP – ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺒﺬﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟـ – The mechanism alters the shape of the membrane protein through phosphorylation using ATP – ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻵﻠﻴﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮﻩ ATP ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ Animation: Active Transport Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 9 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻐﺸﻴﺔ § There are three kinds of endocytosis § ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ – Phagocytosis is engulfment of a particle by wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole – ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻐﻠﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ – Pinocytosis is the same thing except that fluids are taken into small vesicles – ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺀ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ – Receptor-mediated endocytosis is where receptors in a receptorcoated pit interact with a specific protein, initiating formation of a vesicle – ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ( ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻠﺔ Animation: Exocytosis Animation: Pinocytosis Animation: Phagocytosis Animation: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Introduction

ENERGY AND THE CELL ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

HOW ENZYMES FUNCTION ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Diffusion Requires no energy Requires energy Passive transport Active transport Facilitated diffusion Higher solute concentration Osmosis Higher water concentration Higher solute concentration Solute Water Lower solute concentration Lower water concentration Lower solute concentration

Chapter 6 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺤﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. 6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ : ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ § Stage 1: Glycolysis – Glycolysis begins respiration by breaking glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate – ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ )ﺟﺰﻳﺀ ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﻳﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖ – This stage occurs in the cytoplasm – ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ : 1 Glucose C-C-C-C Glycolysis In Cytoplasm C-C-C Pyruvate

6. 6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ : ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ § Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻜﺩﺓ : 3 ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ – At this stage, electrons are shuttled through the electron transport chain ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ – As a result, ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻜﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻤﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ATP ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟـ – This stage occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪﺭﻳﺎ O 2 CO 2 Electron Transport Chain Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Electrons H 2 O Mitochondria Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemiosmosis ATP

2 ADP 2 ATP GLYCOLYSIS ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯﻱ Glucose ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ 2 NAD+ 2 NADH Lactic acid fermentation ﺗﺨﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﻲ 2 Pyruvate ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖ 2 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 Lactate ﻻﻛﺘﻴﺖ 2

2 ADP 2 ATP GLYCOLYSIS Glucose ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ 2 NAD+ 2 NADH Alcohol fermentation ﺗﺨﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ 2 Pyruvate ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖ 2 2 NADH 2 CO 2 Released CO 2 ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ 2 NAD+ 2 Ethanol ﺇﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ 2

INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN MOLECULAR BREAKDOWN AND SYNTHESIS ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 7 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ : ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Experiment 1 1 ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 Not labeled ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ Experiment 2 2 ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 Labeled ﻣﻌﻠﻢ Experiments tracking the oxygen atoms in photosynthesis ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻗﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﺜﺮ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻮﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ

7. 5 Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH NADH ﻭ ATP ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑـ : ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ § H+ ions reduce NADP+ to NADPH, which is an electron carrier similar to NADH ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ، NADPH ﺇﻟﻰ NADP+ § ﺗﺨﺘﺰﻝ ﺃﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ NADH ﺍﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ – NADPH is temporarily stored and then shuttled into the Calvin cycle where it is used to make sugar ﻣﺆﻘﺘ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺮﺣﻞ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ NADPH ﻳﺨﺰﻥ – Finally, the light reactions generate ATP ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

H 2 O Chloroplast ﺧﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺓ Light ﺿﻮﺀ NADP+ ADP P LIGHT REACTIONS (in thylakoids) ATP ﻴﻜﺘ ﺮﻭﻧ ﺎﺕ NADPH ﺍﻟ O 2 An overview of the two stages of photosynthesis that take place in a chloroplast ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﺀ

PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEWED AND EXTENDED ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS, SOLAR RADIATION, AND EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﺮﺽ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.