Chapter 5 Safety and Developing Safe Work Habits
Chapter 5 Safety and Developing Safe Work Habits
Chapter Outcomes Benoit Daoust/Shutterstock. com • Describe hazards that affect agricultural mechanics and technology workplaces • Discuss safety regulations and restrictions affecting agricultural work • Identify and select personal protective equipment for use in the workplace and in the agricultural mechanics laboratory Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Chapter Outcomes • Discuss general safety practices and rules • Explain the role of safety data sheets in ensuring chemical safety • List steps that can be taken to improve electrical safety • Evaluate outdoor working conditions and take steps to increase outdoor safety Tyler Olson/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Chapter Outcomes • Describe safety precautions for working with outdoor equipment and machinery • Explain why workers in agricultural mechanics and technology should know basic first aid procedures Praphan Jampala/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Hazards in Ag Mechanics • In 2012, 374 farmers and farm workers died from work-related injuries • Many jobs in agricultural mechanics are more dangerous than the average of the agricultural industry • Tractor overturns are the leading cause of injury Ken Felepchuk/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
SAE Connection Job Safety • Safety is the responsibility of everyone, and no safety shortcut is worth the risk of injury – Always wear the PPE required for the job you are doing – Always follow safe practices when working in your SAE – If you have safety questions, always ask your instructor or employer for the best method of proceeding Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Safety Regulations • The US Department of Labor (DOL) was created in 1913 to help protect workers – Improved working conditions – Enforces over 180 federal rules and regulations Everett Historical/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Safety Regulations • Rules, regulations, and organizations enacted to ensure worker safety include – The Fair Labor Standards Act – Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act – American National Standards Institute – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Underwriters Laboratory – American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
FLSA • The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) was passed in 1938 to ensure safe working conditions for youths – Limits youth roles in agricultural jobs – Children aged 12– 15 may work in nonhazardous agricultural jobs with parental consent – Children 16 and older may work on any farm at any time Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Occupational Safety and Health Act • Created OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Gave the federal government the authority to monitor safety and health standards – Inspections of US industries – Training and outreach – Safety standards – Goal is to protect employees kenary 820/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
FIFRA • The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act protects workers from potential pesticide exposure – Protects workers from potential exposure – Provides training on pesticide safety – Gives EPA responsibility of determining pesticides safe for use in the United States – EPA, federal, and state agencies enforce regulations Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
ANSI • The American National Standards Institute – Sets minimum standards for safety equipment – Establishes clothing and equipment standards – Establishes ladder and construction safety Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
NIOSH • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health was created under OSHA as part of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Performs safety research and provides recommendations to prevent worker injury and illness – Certifies safety equipment – The National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory is a component of NIOSH Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
UL • The Underwriters Laboratory certifies and validates a variety of products to ensure safety – The UL listing mark means the product meets safety requirements established by the UL – Commonly found on appliances, electrical panel boards, fuses, and other products Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
ASABE • The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers is an international professional organization – Establishes engineering standards for agriculture – Standards define materials, products, processes, testing procedures, and performance criteria Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Minimize exposure to hazards • Must select the right type of PPE and use it appropriately • Hazard Categories – – – – Impact Penetration Compression (rollover) Chemical Heat/cold Harmful dust Light (optical) radiation Biologic THPStock/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Eye and Face Protection • Most eye injuries occur from not wearing protection • Eye and face protection reduces exposure to hazards to the eyes and face, including – Flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical vapors, or light radiation • Common types of protection include – Safety glasses, goggles, welding helmets/shields, and face shields Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Safety Glasses • Please note that common sunglasses and prescription corrective lenses do not provide adequate protection • Safety glasses must – Have impact-resistant lenses and side protection – Safety frames constructed of metal or plastic – Conform to ANSI Z 87. 1 -1989 Ronnachai Palas/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Goggles • Safety goggles are tight-fitting eye protection – Protect the eyes and facial area immediately surrounding the eyes • Two types – Impact-protection goggles – Splash goggles (chemical) indigolotos/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Welding Helmets or Shields • Welding helmets have a heat-resistant shield – Filter lens to protect eyes from burns caused by arc welding or cutting operations – Offers protection to eyes and face from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips – Must have an appropriate shade number as set by OSHA Netfalls-Remy Musser/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Face Shields • Face shields are constructed with transparent sheets of impact-resistant material – Must extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and across the entire width of the head – May be tinted for use during light gas welding – Secondary protection that must be used in conjunction with safety glasses or goggles Bruce Au/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Head Protection • A safety helmet or hard hat offers protection against impact and penetration hazards – Must fit properly for proper protection – Protect against falling objects, electrical contact, and overhead hazards – Must meet ANSI Z 89. 1 -1986 Sukpaiboonwat/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Head Protection • Hard hats are divided into three industrial classes – Class A: Impact and penetration and limited voltage protection – Class B: Highest electrical protection with impact and penetration protection – Class C: Impact protection with no electrical protection Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Hearing Protection • Excessive noise exposure measured by – Loudness in decibels (d. B) – Duration of exposure – Number of sources OSHA Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Hearing Protection • Protection types – Single use earplugs (disposable) – Reusable earplugs – Over-the-ear plugs (earmuffs) Steve Collender/Shutterstock. com; Yotsatorn Laonalonglit/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Breathing Protection • Ventilation is primary practice to prevent exposure to respiratory hazards – OSHA evaluates workplace ventilation – Respirators used when ventilation is not available or possible – Respirators may filter ambient air or provide clean air – May include eye protection Kletr/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Body Protection • Protective clothing is job and site specific • Materials used for protective clothing include – Disposable covers – Treated wool and cotton – Duck cloth – Leather – Rubber – Plastics L Barnwell/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Gloves • Gloves are job specific—use the proper type for the job to ensure protection • Gloves protect hands from – Bruises, abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures, weather – Chemical or thermal burns – Harmful substances – Electrical dangers Pincarel/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Gloves • Job specific and fall into four basic categories – Leather, canvas, or metal mesh gloves are used with rough, sharp, heavy, and hot objects – Fabric and coated fabric protects against dirt, slivers, chafing, and abrasion – Chemical/liquid resistant gloves are used with caustic chemicals – Insulated rubber gloves are typically used with electrical hazards Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Foot and Leg Protection • Footwear is needed to protect against – Falling objects – Sharp objects – Exposure to molten metal – Hot, wet, or slippery surfaces • Types include Zerbor/Shutterstock. com – Leather work boots with rubber soles (recommended) – Steel-toe boots Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
PPE Size and Care • Personal protective equipment must be maintained to perform properly • PPE should be – Cleaned and inspected regularly – Stored in a dry location – Stored out of direct light or extreme heat – Fit properly • Shared equipment must be disinfected after each use Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
General Safety • Listening, learning about hazards, and watching for hazards while working prevents most accidents – Learn how to use the equipment before working – Identify hazards and use safe procedures – Hazards in school lab are present on farms and other workplaces Robert Wydro Studio/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Hand Tools and Power Tools • Hand tools and power tools can present hazards – When used for tasks for which they were not designed – Due to poor maintenance – Improper or careless use – Wear from age and use – Inferior quality Richard Mann/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
STEM Connection Reaction Time • Fatigue can greatly affect a person’s reaction time • Accidents often occur because workers are fatigued, dehydrated, or impaired in some way • Prevent accidents – Get sufficient rest – Stay hydrated – Know your limits Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Improving Safety • Safety in the workplace can be improved through good housekeeping habits – Create and maintain tool-specific storage area – Establish and respect equipment safety zones – Keep the shop and tools clean – Clean spills immediately – Avoid clutter and put tools away – Maintain walkways Africa Studio/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Color Code • ANSI has established a code using colors, patterns, and icons to designate work zones, hazards, and safety areas Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Color Code • All students and workers should be aware of the color coding and understand each color’s meaning – May be marked with paint, stickers, tape, or signs • ANSI standard also includes signal words – CAUTION – WARNING – DANGER Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Fire Extinguishers • Many processes used in agricultural mechanics are considered hot work – Hot work is any process that can ignite flammable material or present a potential fire hazard • Fire extinguishers designed for specific use must be kept in the work area and easily accessible should a fire occur Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Fire Extinguishers • In order for a fire to begin and continue burning, there must be – Fuel – Oxygen – Heat • Fire extinguishers remove one of these elements to extinguish a fire Luciano Cosmo/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Fire Extinguishers • Fire extinguishers are specific to the class of fire they are designed to extinguish • Fires are classified based on the type of fuel source • Fire types – A—Paper, wood, cardboard – B—Flammable liquids – C—Electrical – D—Combustible metals Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Fire Extinguishers • Labels identify extinguisher class and uses Jovanovic Dejan/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Using Fire Extinguishers • Knowing how to use a fire extinguisher can prevent personal injury and limit property damage • When using a fire extinguisher, remember P-A-S-S – Pull safety pin – Aim at base of fire – Squeeze handle keeping distance from fire – Sweep back and forth across base of flames Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Chemical Safety • Can cause skin, eye, and nasal irritation • Physical hazards include flammability, corrosion, and reactivity • Properties of chemicals in hazard – Concentration – Physical state (solid, liquid, gas) – How chemical is used (physical and chemical processes) – Other processes (storage) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Safety Data Sheets • To ensure safe use of chemicals, OSHA established the Hazard Communication Standard – Requires an SDS for each on site chemical to be accessible to workers and fire or rescue personnel • An SDS is a formal document listing a chemical’s – Physical and chemical properties – Exposure control, including first aid – Procedures for spills and leaks – Toxicity and flash point – Storage guidelines Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Safety Data Sheets • Safety data sheets also include globally-used pictographs and signal words Rainer Lesniewski/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Types of Chemicals • Chemicals are often categorized by the specific hazard(s) they present • Classifications – Explosive – Flammable liquid – Combustible liquid – Oxidizer – Corrosive Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Types of Chemicals • Explosive—Sudden release of pressure, heat, or gas when subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature • Flammable liquid—Contains components that make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture with a flash point of 100°F or higher Scanrail 1/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Types of Chemicals • Combustible liquid—Flash point between 100°F and 200°F • Oxidizer—Initiates or improves combustion of materials • Corrosive—Causes visible destruction of living tissue at point of contact Johan Larson/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Compressed Gases • Compressed gases are used in many of the processes used in agricultural mechanics • Cylinders must be stored and used properly to prevent injury and property damage – Some gases are flammable and may explode due to a broken valve or exposure to excessive heat – Some gases can displace oxygen, causing suffocation Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Compressed Gases • Follow your teacher’s instructions for use and storage to ensure their safe use • Keep the following in mind – Oxygen must be stored away from combustible fuels – Cylinders should always be secured by chains – Protect cylinders from weather extremes – Always capped when not in use – Keep away from heat – Do not use if rusted Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Electrical Safety • Electricity can be hazardous if not handled with respect and the appropriate safety practices – Electrocution is death from electrical shock – Each year, many fatalities occur from electrocution Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Electrical Safety • Agricultural buildings are subject to dusty, moist, and corrosive environments, making proper wiring and grounding a priority • Electrical work must be installed according to local codes and the NEC guidelines • Never work on an electrical circuit that is energized Lemau Studio/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Weather Hazards • When working in hot, humid weather – Dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are real dangers • Protect yourself by – Wearing light clothes, sunscreen, sunglasses, and wide-brim hats – Drinking plenty of cool, clean water – Taking frequent breaks Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Weather Hazards • When working in extremely cold weather – Frostbite and hypothermia are real dangers • Protect yourself by wearing – Gloves, head, and face covering – Waterproof boots and coat – Multiple layers of clothing • When working in extreme weather conditions, always inform someone where you will be working Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Insect-Borne Illnesses • Ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes carry disease • Protect yourself from exposure by – Using insect repellent containing 20%– 30% diethyltoluamide (DEET) – Wearing proper clothing – Removing standing water – Keep animal and work areas clean Jakkrit Orrasri/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Outdoor Equipment and Machinery • The use of mechanized equipment improves work efficiency and makes many tasks much easier—it also creates many hazards • Equipment and machinery that present hazards include – Ladders and scaffolding – All terrain vehicles – Power take-off shafts – Tractor roll-overs Jiggo thekop/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Ladder and Scaffolding Safety • Fall-related injuries are higher in agriculture than in other industries – If you are under 16 and working in agriculture, you are prohibited from working at heights above 20 • A fall from a height of 12 can kill you • Safety rails, safety netting, and fall-arrest systems should be installed and used to prevent injury Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Ladder Safety • Safe practices should always be followed when using a ladder regardless of ladder type • Protect yourself by – Regularly inspecting ladders for damage – Avoiding placement on uneven and slippery surfaces – Always facing the ladder when climbing or working – Keeping three points of contact at all times – Checking duty rating and height Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Scaffolding Safety • Some jobs require the use of scaffolding – Scaffolding is an elevated, temporary work platform • Protect yourself and others – Do not exceed the maximum load – Secure tools from falling – Remove electrical hazards – Using a safety harness Susse_n/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) • Hundreds of injuries and fatalities are caused by careless use of ATVs • Overturns are the most common hazard • Proper safety gear includes riding helmets and eye protection Vereshchagin Dmitry/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) • ATVs are used for work and recreation • Accidents can be prevented – Attend ATV safety training – Use an ATV designed for your age and size – Drive at reasonable speeds – Do not carry a passenger – Cross pavement on diagonal – Avoid excessively steep inclines Pictureguy/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Tractors • The power take-off shaft is used for many agricultural tasks—it is also a major farm hazard – The power take-off shaft (PTO) is a metal rod attached to the tractor at one end, and an attachment at the other end – The shaft rotates at speeds over 540 rpm vallefrias/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Tractors • Other hazards include – Clothing and hair entanglement – Hydraulic fluid leaks – Rollovers – Roll-backs – Noise • Protect yourself and others – Obtain safety training – Use safe practices Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
First Aid • First aid is emergency care provided for injury or sudden illness before professional medical treatment is available • Administering first aid may save a person’s life—especially when working in remote, rural areas Karen Sarraga/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
First Aid • Protect yourself and others – Report injuries immediately to instructor – Receive first-aid training – Know location of the lab’s first-aid kit – Know location of the lab’s eyewash station – Keep first-aid kits in tractors and other farm equipment – Keep first-aid kits current goir/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
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