Chapter 5 Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement Table 5

Chapter 5 Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement

Table 5. 1: Measurement in Quantitative and Qualitative Social Research 2

Measurement Process • Conceptualization • Operationalization • Quantitative and Qualitative Conceptualization and Operationalization – Conceptual hypothesis – Empirical hypothesis 3

Expansion Box 5. 1: Five Suggestions for Coming Up with a Measure 4

Figure 5. 1: Conceptualization and Operationalization 5

Reliability and Validity • Reliability • Validity • Reliability and Validity in Quantitative Research – How to Improve Reliability • Clearly Conceptualize All Constructs • Increase the Level of Measurement 6

Reliability and Validity • Use Multiple Indicators of a Variable • Use Pretests, Pilot Studies, and Replication – measurement validity – Content validity – Criterion validity – Concurrent Validity – Predictive Validity 7

Figure 5. 2: Measurement Using Multiple Indicators 8

Table 5. 2: Summary of Measurement Validity Types 9

Reliability and Validity • Reliability & Validity in Qualitative Research • Relationship between Reliability & Validity • Other Uses of the Terms Reliable & Valid – Internal Validity – External Validity – Statistical Validity 10

Figure 5. 3: Illustration of Relationship between Reliability and Validity 11

A Guide to Quantitative Measurement • Levels of Measurement – Continuous and Discrete Variables – Four Levels of Measurement • • 12 Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Table 5. 3: Characteristics of the Four Levels of Measurement 13

Table 5. 4: Examples of Levels of Measurement 14

A Guide to Quantitative Measurement • Specialized Measures: Scales and Indexes – Indexes and Scales – Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Attributes – Mutually exclusive – Exhaustive attributes – Unidimensionality 15

Index Construction • • 16 Purpose Weighting Rates and Standardization Missing Data

Scales • Purpose • Logic of scaling • Commonly use scales – Likert scale – Bogardus social distance scale – Semantic differential – Guttman scaling 17

Figure 5. 4: “Feeling Thermometer” Graphic Rating Scale 18

Examples • Examples of Types of Likert Scales • Example of Indexes and Scales • Replication of the Original Bogardus Social Distance Scale Study • Example of Using the Semantic Differential • Guttman Scale Example 19