Chapter 5 Integumentary System 5 1 Integumentary System
- Slides: 28
Chapter 5 Integumentary System 5 -1
Integumentary System 5 -2
Integumentary System • Consists of: – – Skin Hair Nails Glands • Functions – – – Protection Sensation Temperature regulation Vitamin D production Excretion Immunity 5 -3
• Skin. General Facts – One of the largest organs – Covers an area of 2 m 2 or 22 ft 2. – Thickness ranges from 0. 5 -4. 0 mm – Two General Divisions – • Epidermis • Dermis 5 -4
Hypodermis • Skin rests on this, but not a part • Consists of loose connective tissue • Types of cells – Fibroblasts – Adipose cells – Macrophages • Also called – Subcutaneous tissue – Superficial fascia 5 -5
Skin • Dermis – Structural strength – Cleavage lines – Two layers • Reticular • Papillary • Epidermis – Avascular – Cells – Layers or strata 5 -6
Cleavage or Tension Lines • Elastin and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than others • Important in surgery – If incision parallel to lines there is less gapping, faster healing, less scar tissue 5 -7
Dermis and Epidermis 5 -8
Epidermal Cells • Cell types – Keratinocytes: Produce keratin for strength – Melanocytes: Contribute to skin color • vitiligo = autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin produces white patches – Langerhans’ cells: Part of the immune system – Merkel’s cells: Detect light touch and pressure • Desquamate: Older cells slough off • Keratinization: Cells die and produce outer layer that resists abrasion and forms permeability layer 5 -9
Epidermal Strata • Stratum Basale – Deepest portion of epidermis and single layer – High mitotic activity and cells become keratinized • Stratum Spinosum – Limited cell division • Stratum Granulosum – In superficial layers nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cell dies • Stratum Lucidum – Thin, clear zone • Stratum Corneum – Most superficial and consists of cornified cells 5 -10
Epidermal Layers and Keratinization 5 -11
Thick and Thin Skin • Thick skin – Has all 5 epithelial strata – Found in areas subject to pressure or friction • Palms of hands, fingertips, soles of feet • Thin skin – More flexible than thick skin – Covers rest of body 5 -12
Skin Color • Determined by 3 factors – Pigments • Melanin: Provides for protection against UV light • Albinism: Deficiency or absence of pigment • Carotene: Yellow pigment – Blood circulating through the skin • Imparts reddish hue and increases during blushing, anger, inflammation • Cyanosis: Blue color caused by decrease in blood oxygen content – Thickness of stratum corneum 5 -13
Accessory Skin Structures • Hair – Found everywhere on human body except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes • Hair Color – Hair color is due primarily to the amount and type of melanin. – Graying of hair occurs because of a progressive decline in tyrosinase. – Dark hair contains true melanin – Blond and red hair contain melanin with iron and sulfur added – Graying hair is result of decline in melanin production – White hair has air bubbles in the medullary shaft • Hormones influence the growth and loss of hair (Clinical applications). 5 -14
• Functions of Hair – Prevents heat loss – Decreases sunburn – Eyelashes help protect eyes – Touch receptors (hair root plexus) senses light touch • Glands – Sebaceous (oil) glands – Sudoriferous (sweat) glands – Ceruminous (wax) glands – Mammary (milk) glands 5 -15
• Sebaceous (oil) glands – Sebaceous (oil) glands are usually connected to hair follicles; they are absent in the palms and soles – Secretory portion of gland is located in the dermis – produce sebum • • contains cholesterol, proteins, fats & salts moistens hairs waterproofs and softens the skin inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi (ringworm) – Acne • bacterial inflammation of glands • secretions are stimulated by hormones at puberty 5 -16
• Sudoriferous (sweat) glands – Eccrine sweat glands have an extensive distribution most areas of skin – secretory portion is in dermis with duct to surface – ducts terminate at pores at the surface of the epidermis. – regulate body temperature through evaporation (perspiration) – help eliminate wastes such as urea. 5 -17
• Apocrine sweat glands are limited in distribution to the skin of the axilla, pubis, and areolae; their duct open into hair follicles. – secretory portion in dermis – duct that opens onto hair follicle – secretions are more viscous • Ceruminous Glands – Ceruminous glands are modified sudoriferous glands that produce a waxy substance called cerumen. • found in the external auditory meatus • contains secretions of oil and wax glands • barrier for entrance of foreign bodies 5 -18
• An abnormal amount of cerumen in the external auditory meatus or canal can result in impaction and prevent sound waves from reaching the ear drum (Clinical Application). 5 -19
Hair Structure • Composed of shaft and root – Shaft protrudes above skin surface – Root located below surface and base forms the hair bulb • Has 3 concentric layers – Medulla: Central axis – Cortex: Forms bulk of hair – Cuticle: Forms hair surface 5 -20
Hair Growth, Color, and Muscles • Hair Growth – Cycles • Growth and resting – Permanent hair loss • Pattern balding most common • Hair Color – Caused by varying amounts and types of melanin • Muscles – Arrector pili: Muscle contraction causes hair to “stand on end” 5 -21
Oil and Sweat Glands • Sebaceous glands – Produce sebum – Oils hair and skin surface • Sudoriferous glands – Merocrine or eccrine • Most common • Numerous in palms and soles – Apocrine • Found in axillae, genitalia, around anus 5 -22
Nails • Anatomy – Nail root proximally – Nail body distally: Eponychium or cuticle • Growth – Grow continuously unlike hair 5 -23
Burns • Classifications – First-degree – Second-degree – Third-degree • Skin Grafts – Split skin – Artificial skin – Cadavers or pigs 5 -24
• Burns – Destruction of proteins of the skin – chemicals, electricity, heat • Problems that result – shock due to water, plasma and plasma protein loss – circulatory & kidney problems from loss of plasma – bacterial infection • Two methods for determining the extent of a burn are the rule of nines and the Lund-Bowder method 5 -25
The Rule of Nines 5 -26
Aging Effects • Skin more easily damaged • Skin becomes drier • Functioning melanocytes decrease or increase as with age spots • Sunlight ages skin more rapidly 5 -27
Clinical Disorders • Bacterial infections – Acne • Viral Infections – Chicken pox, German measles, cold sores • Decubitus ulcers or bedsores – Ischemia and necrosis • Cancer – Basal cell carcinoma – Squamous cell carcinoma – Malignant melanoma 5 -28
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