Chapter 5 Genetics The Science of Heredity Section

Section 1 - Objectives: u To describe Mendel’s genetics experiments u To identify the

Vocab u 1. trait A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its

u 2. heredity The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

u 3. genetics The scientific study of heredity.

u 4. purebred An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of

u 5. gene A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a

u 6. alleles The different forms of a gene.

u 7. dominant allele An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism

u 8. recessive allele An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is

u 9. hybrid An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an

Notes u 1. Gregor Mendel ____________ is called the “father of genetics”

u 2. Mendel used peas because: have many traits that exist in only 2

u 3. Traits are controlled by inheritance _________ of genes _______

one Organisms inherit ______ allele each from _____ parent. u 4.

u 5. Some alleles are __________and others are dominant recessive _____________.

Chapter 5 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 2: Probability & Genetics

Section 2 -Objectives: u To describe the principles of probability and how Mendel applied

Vocab u 10. probability The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

u 11. Punnett square A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles

u 12. phenotype An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits.

u 13. genotype An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

u 14. homozygous Having two identical alleles for a trait.

u 15. heterozygous Having two different alleles for a trait.

u 16. codominance A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene

Notes u 1. Probability is the likelihood __________ that a particular event __________ will

u 2. Mendel ___________ was the first scientist to recognize that the principles ____________

u 3. Geneticists use Punnett squares to: – A. Show all the possible outcomes

u 4. Phenotype _____________ is the physical appearance, while genotype ____________ is the Genetic

5. Punnett Square practice: u B-Blue u b-red B u u Genotype: u Phenotype:

u 5. Punnett Square practice: G- Green u g-Yellow u u Genotype: u Phenotype:

Your turn. Practice sheet. u Independent and Silent u Refer to your notes. u

Chapter 5 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance

Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance u To describe the role of chromosomes in

u 17. meiosis The process that occurs in sex cells (sperm and egg) by

Notes u 1. Sex cells have exactly half ______ the number of other chromosomes

u 2. The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Genes are carried from parents to

u 3. u u During meiosis, the chromosome: The chromosome pairs separate and are

u 4. Genes __________ are located on chromosomes.

u 5. 23 Our bodies have ____ pairs of chromosomes that contain over 60,

Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 4: The DNA Connection

Section 4: The DNA Connection Objectives: u To explain the term “genetic code”: u

u 17. messenger RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus

u 18. transfer RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the

Notes u 1. The main function of genes is to: Control the production of

order The _____ of nitrogen ________ bases along a gene _______ forms a genetic

mutation A _______ is a change in a gene ______ or chromosome __________. u

u 4. Mutations can be: Harmful u A. ______ and an example cancer would

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Chapter 5 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 1: Mendel’s Work

Section 1 - Objectives: u To describe Mendel’s genetics experiments u To identify the factors that control the inheritance of traits in organisms u To explain how geneticists use symbols to represent alleles.

Vocab u 1. trait A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

u 2. heredity The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

u 3. genetics The scientific study of heredity.

u 4. purebred An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent.

u 5. gene A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

u 6. alleles The different forms of a gene.

u 7. dominant allele An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

u 8. recessive allele An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.

u 9. hybrid An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait.

Notes u 1. Gregor Mendel ____________ is called the “father of genetics”

u 2. Mendel used peas because: have many traits that exist in only 2 forms – A. They _____________ Garden peas produce large numbers of – B. _____________ offspring in one generation so it is easy to collect large amounts of data to analyze

u 3. Traits are controlled by inheritance _________ of genes _______

one Organisms inherit ______ allele each from _____ parent. u 4.

u 5. Some alleles are __________and others are dominant recessive _____________.

Chapter 5 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 2: Probability & Genetics

Section 2 -Objectives: u To describe the principles of probability and how Mendel applied them to inheritance u To state how geneticists use Punnett squares u To explain the meaning of the terms phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, and codominance.

Vocab u 10. probability The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

u 11. Punnett square A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.

u 12. phenotype An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits.

u 13. genotype An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

u 14. homozygous Having two identical alleles for a trait.

u 15. heterozygous Having two different alleles for a trait.

u 16. codominance A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

Notes u 1. Probability is the likelihood __________ that a particular event __________ will occur.

u 2. Mendel ___________ was the first scientist to recognize that the principles ____________ of probability ____________ can be used to predict the result of genetic crosses.

u 3. Geneticists use Punnett squares to: – A. Show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross – B. Determine the probability of a particular outcome

u 4. Phenotype _____________ is the physical appearance, while genotype ____________ is the Genetic makeup ____________ make-up.

5. Punnett Square practice: u B-Blue u b-red B u u Genotype: u Phenotype: 1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb 3 Blue, 1 red b BB Bb Bb bb

u 5. Punnett Square practice: G- Green u g-Yellow u u Genotype: u Phenotype: – 2 Gg: 2 gg – 2 Green: 2 Yellow g g Gg gg

Your turn. Practice sheet. u Independent and Silent u Refer to your notes. u Go over as a group.

Chapter 5 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance

Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance u To describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance u To identify and describe the events that occur during meiosis

u 17. meiosis The process that occurs in sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.

Notes u 1. Sex cells have exactly half ______ the number of other chromosomes as ______ cells.

u 2. The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes u http: //www. pearsonsuccessnet. com/snpapp/i. Text/products/0 -13 -036738 -9/ch 3/video. Blank. html? /ebook/products/0 -13 -036738 -9/video/vtchromo. mov

u 3. u u During meiosis, the chromosome: The chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to two different cells. The resulting sex cells have only have half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism. http: //www. pearsonsuccessnet. com/snpapp/i. Text/products/0 -13036738 -9/ch 3/video. Blank. html? /ebook/products/0 -13 -0367389/video/vtmeiosi. mov See pg. In text

u 4. Genes __________ are located on chromosomes.

u 5. 23 Our bodies have ____ pairs of chromosomes that contain over 60, 000 _____ genes.

Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 4: The DNA Connection

Section 4: The DNA Connection Objectives: u To explain the term “genetic code”: u To describe the process by which a cell produces proteins u To describe different types of mutations and how they affect an organism.

u 17. messenger RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm.

u 18. transfer RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the ribosome and adds it to the growing protein chain.

Notes u 1. The main function of genes is to: Control the production of proteins in the organism’s cells. Proteins help to determine the size, shape, and many other traits in an organism.

order The _____ of nitrogen ________ bases along a gene _______ forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein ______ will be produced. u 2. u u http: //www. pearsonsuccessnet. com/snpapp/i. Text/products/0 -13036738 -9/ch 3/video. Blank. html? /ebook/products/0 -13 -0367389/video/vtgeneti. mov http: //www. pearsonsuccessnet. com/snpapp/i. Text/products/0 -13036738 -9/ch 3/video. Blank. html? /ebook/products/0 -13 -0367389/video/vtprotei. mov

mutation A _______ is a change in a gene ______ or chromosome __________. u 3. u DNA mutations: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_aj. Rf 8 y. MBe 0

u 4. Mutations can be: Harmful u A. ______ and an example cancer would be _______. Helpful u B. ______ and an example would Antibiotic resistance in bacteria be _______. Neither harmful or helpful u C. ___________ and an A white buffalo color on example would be _______. a farm (versus a white buffalo color in the wild)