Chapter 5 Figure 5 2 a Figure 5
- Slides: 68
Chapter 5
Figure 5. 2 (a)
Figure 5. 2 (b)
Figure 5. 3
Figure 5. 4 (a)
Figure 5. 4 (b)
Figure 5. 6 (a)
Figure 5. 6 (b)
Species and Speciation • Fundamental unit of classification is the species. • Species = a group of populations in which genes are actually, or potentially, exchanged through interbreeding. • Problems – Reproductive criterion must be assumed based on phenotype and ecological information. – Asexual reproduction – Fossil – Geographical isolation
Reproductive isolation leads to Speciation - the formation of new species • Requirement – Subpopulations are prevented from interbreeding – Gene flow does not occur (Reproductive isolation) • Reproductive isolation can result in evolution • Natural selection and genetic drift can result in evolution
Allopatric Speciation • • geographical isolation Adaptation to different environments Genetic drift Results in members not being able to mate successfully • Most common type of speciation • i. e. Galapagos island Finches
Fig 5. 7 Allopatric Speciation: Geographic barrier divides a population 3 subpopulation of Freshwater fish A, A 1, and A 2 Genetic exchange occurs between A and A 1 and between A 1 and A 2. Exchanges less likely in A and A 2 Rise in water forces the breakup of A 1 and makes A and A 2 separate populations. Genetic drift and different selection pressures result in B and C
Sympatric Speciation • Occurs within a single population • Even though populations are together (sympatric) they may be reproductively isolated
To demonstrate sympatric speciation Researchers • Demonstrate species share a common ancestor • Arose without geographical isolation • i. e. studies of indigobirds from Africa
Morphological variation between indigobird species Nestling mouth markings in V. camerunensis (a) and V. chalybeata (b) mimic the young of their firefinch hosts, L. rara and L. senegala, respectively. Dark wing and plumage in V. chalybeata from West Africa (c). Pale wing and green plumage in V. raricola (d). White bill and blue plumage in V. camerunensis (e). Red bill and orange feet in V. chalybeata from southern Africa (f).
Figure 5. 8 Rates of Evolution
Fig 5. 1 Speciation of Darwin’s Finches Warbler
Fig 5. 1 (b) Large ground finch
EOC Figure
Opener Chapter 7 Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization
Common names • Crawdads, crayfish, or crawfish? • English sparrow, barn sparrow, or a house sparrow? Problem with common names • Vary from region to region • Common names often does not specify particular species
Binomial system of Nomenclature brings order to a chaotic world of common names • Universal • Clearly indicates the level of classification • No two kinds of animals have the same binomial name • Every animal has one correct name International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
• Genus begins with a Capital letter • Entire name italicized or underlined • Homo sapien or H. sapien
Kingdom of Life 1969 R. Whittaker- five kingdom classification System of classification that distinguished b/w kingdoms according to • cellular organization • mode of nutrition
Monera- bacteria and cyanobacteria are prokaryotic
• Protista- single or colonies of eukaryotic cells (Ameoba, Paramecium)
• Plantae- eukaryotic, multicellular, and photosynthtic. Have cell wall, and usually nonmotile
• Fungi-eukaryotic and multicellular. Have cell wall and nonmotile. Mode of nutrition distiguishes fungi from plantfungi digest extracellularly and absorb the breakdown products
• Animalia- eukaryotic and multicellular, usually feed by ingesting other organisms, cell lack cell walls, and usually motile
Figure 7. 2 (a)
Challenge of the five class system • • Ribosomal RNA excellent for studying evolution r. RNA changes very slow (evolutionary conservation) Closely related organisms have similar r. RNAs Comparison of r. RNA of different organisms concludes • All life shares a common ancestor • Three major evolutionary lineage (domains) and supersedes the kingdom as the broadest taxonomic grouping
The three domains • Arhaea- prokaryotic microbes live in extreme environments, inhabit anaerobic environments • Reflect the conditions of early life • Archaea the most primitive life form • Archaea give rise to two other domains – Eubacteria- true bacteria and are prokaryotic microorganisms – Eukarya- include all eukaryotic organisms, diverged more recently thus more closely related to archae (protists, fungi, plants and animals)
Figure 7. 2 (b)
Text devoted to animals • Except for Chapter 8 Animal like protists (Amoeba and Paramecium) • The inclusion of protozoa is part of a tradition • Once considered a phylum (Protozoa) in the animal kingdom
Pattern of Organization • • Symmetry Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry
Figure 7. 7 Asymmetry red encrusting sponge
Figure 7. 8 Radial symmetry tube coral pulp
Part 2
Acoelomate Bilateral Animals • Consist of phyla: – Phylum Platyhelminthes – Phylum Nemertea – Others…
Bilateral animals • Bilateral symmetry = important evolutionary advancement – Important for active, directed movement • Anterior, posterior ends – One side of body kept up (dorsal) vs. down (ventral)
Directed movement evolved with anterior sense organs cephalization Cephalization – specialization of sense organs in head end of animals
Bilateral Symmetry • Divided along sagittal plane into two mirror images – sagittal= divides bilateral organisms into right and left halves
• • Anterior= head end Posterior= tail end Dorsal= back side Ventral= belly side
• Symmetry, fig. 7. 9 – Median= sagittal
Other Patterns of Organization may reflect evolutionary trends • Unicellular (cytoplasmic)- organisms consist of single cells or cellular aggregates, – provide functions of locomotion, food acquisition, digestion, water and ion regulation, sensory perception and reproduction in a single cell. – Cellular aggregates consist of loose association, cells that exhibit little interdependence, cooperation, or coordination of function – Some cells may be specialized for reproduction, nutritive or structural function
• Diploblastic Organization – Cells are organized into tissues in most animal phyla – Body parts are organized into layers derived from two embryonic tissue layers. – Ectoderm- Gr. ektos, outside + derm, skin gives rise to the epidermis the outer layer of the body wall – Endoderm- Gr. Endo, within, gives rise to the gastrodermis that lines the gut
Mesoglea- between the ecto and endo and may or may not contain cells – Derived from ecto and/or endo – Cells form middle layer (mesenchyme) – Layers are functionally inderdependent, yet cooperate showing tissue level organization i. e. feeding movements of Hydra or swimming movements of a jellyfish
Figure 7. 10
The Triploblastic (treis, three +blaste, sprout) • • Animals described in chapters 10 -22 Tissues derived from three embryological layers Ectoderm- outer layer Endoderm- lines the gut • Mesoderm- meso, middle, Third layer between Ecto and Endo – Give rise to supportive cells
Figure 7. 11
• Most have an organ system level of organization • Usually bilaterally symmetrical or evolved from bilateral ancestors • Organized into several groups based on the presence or absence of body cavity and for those that posses one, the kind of body cavity present. • Body cavity- fluid filled space in which the internal organs can be suspended and separated from the body wall
Body cavities are advantageous 1. Provide more room for organ development 2. Provide more surface area for diffusion of gases, nutrients, and waste into and out of organs 3. Provide area for storage 4. Often act as hydrostatic skeletons (supportive yet flexible) 5. Provide a vehicle for eliminating wastes and reproductive products from the body 6. Facilitate increase in body size
What does acoelomate mean? No coelom
Acoelomate a, without+ kilos, hollow • Mesoderm relatively solid mass • No cavity formed between ecto and endo • These cells within mesoderm often called parenchymal cells • Parenchymal cells not speciallized for a particular fnc.
What’s a coelom? • coelom= – true body cavity – Fluid-filled – lined by mesoderm-derived epithelium Earthworm
• Acoelomates lack a true body cavity – Solid body – no cavity b/w the digestive tract and outer body wall
Do these questions now… • Think about aceolomate bilateral animals: – To what domain do they belong – “ ” kingdom ” ” ” – What phyla include these organisms • What is bilateral symmetry, and why was it an important evolutionary advantage movie
Acoelomate Bilateral Animals 1. Simplest organisms to have bilateral symmetry 2. Triploblastic 3. Lack a coelom 4. Organ-system level of organization 5. Cephalization 6. Elongated, without appendages Reproductive and osmoregulatory systems
Acoelomate Bilateral Animals 1. Simplest organisms to have bilateral symmetry 2. Triploblastic 3. Lack a coelom 4. Organ-system level of organization 5. Cephalization 6. Elongated, without appendages Reproductive and osmoregulatory systems
Triploblastic Pseudocoelomate pseudes, false • Body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm • No muscle or connective tissue associated with gut • No mesodermal
The Triploblastic Coelomate Pattern • Coelom is a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm • Peritoneum- mesodermal sheet that lines the inner body wall and serosa (outer covering of visceral organs) • Having mesodermally derived tissue (muscle, connective tissue) enhances the function of all internal body systems.
Figure 7. 12
Figure 7. 3 Groups traced to separate ancestors All descendants of a single ancestor Includes some but not all of a members of a lineage Fig 7. 3 Evolutionary groups
Figure 7. 4 Fig 7. 4 Vertebrate Phylogenetic tree depicts the degree of divergence from a common ancestor
Figure 7. 5 Fig 7. 5 Interpreting Cladograms Five taxa (1 -5) and characteristics (A-H) Symplesiomorphies- common characters in a group
Figure 7. 6
EOC Figure
- Identify the type of congruence transformation
- 8 figure grid reference example
- Abcye
- What is the name of the solid figure
- Unit 6:5 muscular system
- Chapter 16 the reproductive system figure 16-2
- Kidney pyramid labeled
- Chapter 13 respiratory system worksheet
- Figure 11-9 is a diagram of the hepatic portal circulation
- Figure 11-14 is a diagram of a capillary bed
- Chapter 6 the muscular system figure 6-12
- Appendicular skeleton figure 5-8
- Dorsifelxion
- Chapter 5 the skeletal system figure 5-13
- Chapter 5 the skeletal system figure 5-13
- Human skull superior view
- Chapter 3 cells and tissues
- Chapter 3 cells and tissues figure 3-7
- Chapter 5 the skeletal system figure 5-10
- Chapter 5 the skeletal system figure 5-10
- What is the function of the golgi apparatus
- Chapter 11 the cardiovascular system figure 11-2
- Chapter 5 the skeletal system figure 5-13
- Chapter 7 the nervous system figure 7-2
- Red tent summary
- Chapter 8 of the great gatsby summary
- Chapter 10 chapter assessment chemical reactions answers
- Chapter 11 study guide chemistry stoichiometry answer key
- Chapter 9 chemical reactions answers
- Chapter 7 similarity chapter test form a answer key
- Chapter 6 career readiness chapter review answers
- Chapter 7 ionic and metallic bonding chapter answer key
- Chapter 9 surface water answer key
- Chapter 2 representing motion chapter assessment
- Chapter 1 chapter assessment the central science
- Chapter 7 ionic and metallic bonding answer key
- Section 1 population dynamics answer key
- Chapter 2 standardized test practice answers
- Summary of the book of philippians chapter by chapter
- Chapter 7 chapter assessment ionic compounds and metals
- Chapter 7 chapter assessment ionic compounds and metals
- Chapter 9 chemical names and formulas chapter quiz answers
- Primena odredjenog integrala povrsina
- Isosceles triangle properties
- Sensory figure of harriet tubman
- How to find the volume of a sphere
- U smrti se sniva
- Pythagorean theorem in three dimensions
- Kidneys location and structure figure 15-2
- Figure retoriche bella schiava
- Similitudini e metafore sugli alberi
- La capra saba
- Poesia ungaretti soldati
- Anastrophe examples
- Quattro angoli retti
- Floriana foscolo
- How many 4-sided figures are in the diagram?
- Transfer epithet
- Respiratory zone structures
- Kolajna ix analiza
- Are three-dimensional figures that enclose part of space
- The world is too much with us figure of speech
- Cortical radiate artery
- Figure 15-2 is a longitudinal section of a kidney
- Figure 15-3 is a diagram of the nephron
- Alliteration onomatopoeia
- Figure 5-11 is a diagram of the articulated pelvis
- Labeled female reproductive system
- Nerve fibers