Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling

Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling

Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling n Basic Concepts n Scheduling Criteria n Scheduling Algorithms n Multiple-Processor Scheduling n Real-Time Scheduling n Thread Scheduling n Operating Systems Examples n Java Thread Scheduling n Algorithm Evaluation Operating System Concepts 5. 2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Basic Concepts n Maximize CPU utilization by multiprogramming n CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait n CPU burst distribution Operating System Concepts 5. 3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts Operating System Concepts 5. 4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Histogram of CPU-burst Times 1. A large number of short CPU bursts 2. A small number of long CPU bursts Operating System Concepts 5. 5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

CPU Scheduler n Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them n CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1. Switches from running to waiting state 2. Switches from running to ready state 3. Switches from waiting to ready 4. Terminates n Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive n All other scheduling is preemptive Operating System Concepts 5. 6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Dispatcher n Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: l switching context l switching to user mode l jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program n Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running Operating System Concepts 5. 7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Scheduling Criteria n CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible n Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution per time unit n Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular process (from the time of submission to the time of completion) n Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue l CPU scheduling does not affect the amount of time during which a process executes or does I/O n Response time – amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing environment) Operating System Concepts 5. 8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Optimization Criteria n Max CPU utilization n Max throughput n Min turnaround time n Min waiting time n Min response time n Question: Is average good? l In some cases, minimizing the maximum response time is better Operating System Concepts 5. 9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling Process Burst Time P 1 24 P 2 3 P 3 3 n Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P 1 , P 2 , P 3 The Gantt Chart for the schedule is: P 1 P 2 Waiting 0 time for P 1 = 0; P 2 = 24; P 3 = 27 24 n Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17 n Nonpreemptive sheduling n Operating System Concepts 5. 10 P 3 27 30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

FCFS Scheduling (Cont. ) Suppose that the processes arrive in the order P 2 , P 3 , P 1 n The Gantt chart for the schedule is: P 2 P 3 P 1 0 3 6 n Waiting time for P 1 = 6; P 2 = 0; P 3 = 3 n Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3 n Much better than previous case 30 n Convoy effect short process waiting for long process to get off CPU One big CPU-bound process l Many I/O-bound processes l Lower CPU and device utilization l Operating System Concepts 5. 11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Shortest-Job-First (SJR) Scheduling n Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest time n FCFS breaks the tie if two processes have same next CPU burst n Two schemes: l nonpreemptive – once CPU given to the process it cannot be preempted until completes its CPU burst l preemptive – if a new process arrives with CPU burst length less than remaining time of current executing process, preempt. This scheme is know as the Shortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF) n SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time for a given set of processes Operating System Concepts 5. 12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Example of Non-Preemptive SJF Process Arrival Time P 1 0. 0 7 P 2 2. 0 4 P 3 4. 0 1 P 4 5. 0 4 Burst Time n SJF (non-preemptive) P 1 0 3 P 3 7 P 2 8 P 4 12 16 n Average waiting time = (0 + 6 + 3 + 7)/4 = 4 Operating System Concepts 5. 13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Example of Preemptive SJF Process Arrival Time P 1 0. 0 7 P 2 2. 0 4 P 3 4. 0 1 P 4 5. 0 4 Burst Time n SJF (preemptive) P 1 0 P 2 2 P 3 4 P 2 5 P 4 P 1 11 7 16 n Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 = 3 Operating System Concepts 5. 14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Determining Length of Next CPU Burst n No way to know the length of next CPU burst n Can only estimate the length n Can be done by using the length of previous CPU bursts, using exponential averaging prediction Operating System Concepts 5. 15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Prediction of the Length of the Next CPU Burst Operating System Concepts 5. 16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Examples of Exponential Averaging n =0 n+1 = n l Recent history does not count n =1 l n+1 = tn l Only the actual last CPU burst counts n If we expand the formula, we get: n+1 = tn+(1 - ) tn -1 + … +(1 - )j tn -j + … l +(1 - )n +1 0 n Since both and (1 - ) are less than or equal to 1, each successive term has less weight than its predecessor Operating System Concepts 5. 17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Priority Scheduling n A priority number (integer) is associated with each process n The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority (smallest integer highest priority) l Preemptive l nonpreemptive n SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predicted next CPU burst time n Problem Starvation – low priority processes may never execute n Solution Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of the process Operating System Concepts 5. 18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Round Robin (RR) n Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum), usually 10 -100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue. n If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q time units. n Note: If a process has a CPU burst of less than 1 time quantum, the process itself will release the CPU voluntarily. The scheduler will then proceed to the next process in the ready queue n Performance l q large FCFS l q small q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high Operating System Concepts 5. 19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Example of RR with Time Quantum = 20 Process Burst Time P 1 53 P 2 17 P 3 68 P 4 24 n The Gantt chart is: P 1 0 P 2 20 37 P 3 P 4 57 P 1 77 P 3 P 4 P 1 P 3 97 117 121 134 154 162 n Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but better response Operating System Concepts 5. 20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Time Quantum and Context Switch Time Operating System Concepts 5. 21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Turnaround Time Varies With The Time Quantum Operating System Concepts 5. 22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Multilevel Queue n Ready queue is partitioned into separate queues: foreground (interactive) background (batch) n Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm l foreground – RR l background – FCFS n Scheduling must be done between the queues l Fixed priority scheduling; (i. e. , serve all from foreground then from background). Possibility of starvation. l Time slice – each queue gets a certain amount of CPU time which it can schedule amongst its processes; i. e. , 80% to foreground in RR l 20% to background in FCFS Operating System Concepts 5. 23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Multilevel Queue Scheduling Operating System Concepts 5. 24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Multilevel Feedback Queue n A process can move between the various queues; aging can be implemented this way n Multilevel-feedback-queue scheduler defined by the following parameters: l number of queues l scheduling algorithms for each queue l method used to determine when to upgrade a process l method used to determine when to demote a process l method used to determine which queue a process will enter when that process needs service Operating System Concepts 5. 25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Example of Multilevel Feedback Queue n Three queues: l Q 0 – RR with time quantum 8 milliseconds l Q 1 – RR time quantum 16 milliseconds l Q 2 – FCFS n Scheduling l A new job enters queue Q 0 which is served FCFS. When it gains CPU, job receives 8 milliseconds. If it does not finish in 8 milliseconds, job is moved to queue Q 1. l At Q 1 job is again served FCFS and receives 16 additional milliseconds. If it still does not complete, it is preempted and moved to queue Q 2. Operating System Concepts 5. 26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Multilevel Feedback Queues Operating System Concepts 5. 27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Multiple-Processor Scheduling n CPU scheduling more complex when multiple CPUs are available n Homogeneous processors within a multiprocessor n Load sharing n Asymmetric multiprocessing – only one processor accesses the system data structures, alleviating the need for data sharing Operating System Concepts 5. 28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Real-Time Scheduling n Hard real-time systems – required to complete a critical task within a guaranteed amount of time n Soft real-time computing – requires that critical processes receive priority over less fortunate ones Operating System Concepts 5. 29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Thread Scheduling n Local Scheduling – How the threads library decides which thread to put onto an available LWP n Global Scheduling – How the kernel decides which kernel thread to run next Operating System Concepts 5. 30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Pthread Scheduling API #include <pthread. h> #include <stdio. h> #define NUM THREADS 5 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; pthread t tid[NUM THREADS]; pthread attr t attr; /* get the default attributes */ pthread attr init(&attr); /* set the scheduling algorithm to PROCESS or SYSTEM */ pthread attr setscope(&attr, PTHREAD SCOPE SYSTEM); /* set the scheduling policy - FIFO, RT, or OTHER */ pthread attr setschedpolicy(&attr, SCHED OTHER); /* create threads */ for (i = 0; i < NUM THREADS; i++) pthread create(&tid[i], &attr, runner, NULL); Operating System Concepts 5. 31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Pthread Scheduling API /* now join on each thread */ for (i = 0; i < NUM THREADS; i++) pthread join(tid[i], NULL); } /* Each thread will begin control in this function */ void *runner(void *param) { printf("I am a threadn"); pthread exit(0); } Operating System Concepts 5. 32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Operating System Examples n Solaris scheduling n Windows XP scheduling n Linux scheduling Operating System Concepts 5. 33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Solaris 2 Scheduling Operating System Concepts 5. 34 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Solaris Dispatch Table Operating System Concepts 5. 35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Windows XP Priorities Operating System Concepts 5. 36 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Linux Scheduling n Two algorithms: time-sharing and real-time n Time-sharing Prioritized credit-based – process with most credits is scheduled next l Credit subtracted when timer interrupt occurs l When credit = 0, another process chosen l When all processes have credit = 0, recrediting occurs 4 Based on factors including priority and history n Real-time l Soft real-time l l Posix. 1 b compliant – two classes 4 FCFS and RR 4 Highest priority process always runs first Operating System Concepts 5. 37 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

The Relationship Between Priorities and Time-slice length Operating System Concepts 5. 38 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

List of Tasks Indexed According to Prorities Operating System Concepts 5. 39 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Algorithm Evaluation n Deterministic modeling – takes a particular predetermined workload and defines the performance of each algorithm for that workload n Queueing models n Implementation n Project 2: CPU Scheduling Simulator Operating System Concepts 5. 40 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

CPU Scheduling Simulator Operating System Concepts 5. 41 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Java Thread Scheduling n JVM Uses a Preemptive, Priority-Based Scheduling Algorithm n FIFO Queue is Used if There Are Multiple Threads With the Same Priority Operating System Concepts 5. 42 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Java Thread Scheduling (cont) JVM Schedules a Thread to Run When: 1. The Currently Running Thread Exits the Runnable State 2. A Higher Priority Thread Enters the Runnable State * Note – the JVM Does Not Specify Whether Threads are Time-Sliced or Not Operating System Concepts 5. 43 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Time-Slicing Since the JVM Doesn’t Ensure Time-Slicing, the yield() Method May Be Used: while (true) { // perform CPU-intensive task. . . Thread. yield(); } This Yields Control to Another Thread of Equal Priority Operating System Concepts 5. 44 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Thread Priorities Priority Comment Thread. MIN_PRIORITY Thread. MAX_PRIORITY Minimum Thread Priority Maximum Thread Priority Thread. NORM_PRIORITY Default Thread Priority Priorities May Be Set Using set. Priority() method: set. Priority(Thread. NORM_PRIORITY + 2); Operating System Concepts 5. 45 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

In-class Exercise 1 Consider the following set of processes, with the length of the CPU-burst time given in milliseconds: Process Burst Time Priority P 1 10 3 P 2 1 1 P 3 2 3 P 4 1 4 P 5 5 2 The processes are assumed to have arrived in the order P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4, P 5, all at time 0. a. Draw four Gantt charts illustrating the execution of these processes using FCFS, SJF, a nonpreemptive priority (a smaller priority number implies a higher priority), and RR (quantum = 1) scheduling. b. What is the turnaround time of each process for each of the scheduling algorithms in part a? c. What is thewaiting time of each process for each of the scheduling algorithms in part a? d. Which of the schedules in part a results in the minimal average waiting time (over all processes)? Operating System Concepts 5. 46 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

In-class Exercise 2 Which of the following scheduling algorithms could result in starvation? a. First-come, first-served b. Shortest job first c. Round robin d. Priority Operating System Concepts 5. 47 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

In-class Exercises n Consider a system running ten I/O-bound tasks and one CPU- bound task. Assume that the I/O-bound tasks issue an I/O operation once for every millisecond of CPU computing and that each I/O operation takes 10 milliseconds to complete. Also assume that the context switching overhead is 0. 1 millisecond and that all processes are long-running tasks. n What is the CPU utilization for a round-robin scheduler when: n a. The time quantum is 1 millisecond n b. The time quantum is 10 milliseconds Operating System Concepts 5. 48 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

Algorithm Evaluation n Deterministic modeling – takes a particular predetermined workload and defines the performance of each algorithm for that workload n Queueing models n Implementation n Project 2: CPU Scheduling Simulator n Questions on Project 2? Operating System Concepts 5. 49 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005

CPU Scheduling Simulator Operating System Concepts 5. 50 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne © 2005