Chapter 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood

Chapter 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood: information Processing

Model of Human Information. Processing System Figure 6. 4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Teller Visual Acuity Cards

Facial Scanning Patterns 1 month vs 3 months

Attention § During the first year, infants pay attention to novel events § © Yi Jin | Dremstime. com

Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence

Attention § By Toddlerhood: § capable of intentional behavior and sustained attention improves

Joint Attention v Individuals focus on same object or event 5 -8 mos: v 10 -11 mos: v 12 mos: v WHY IMPORTANT? ? ?

Memory Operant conditioning research: n Infants’ memories increase dramatically during infancy and toddlerhood. n Memories move from highly context-dependent (mobile/surround) to increasingly context-free.

Increase in Retention in Two Operant Conditioning Tasks from 2 to 18 Months

Figure 6. 6 Infantile Amnesia Most of us cannot recall events before age 3. May be due to:

Categorization § By 6 months, infants can categorize based on two perceptual features (e. g. , shape and color). § By end of first year, more categories are conceptual.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Social contexts (other people) contribute to cognitive development. Zone of Proximal Development – n Scaffolding promotes learning at all ages. n Cultural variations affect mental strategies taught and learned.

Social Origins of Make-Believe Play § Society provides children with opportunities to represent culturally meaningful activities in play. § Research indicates that makebelieve play is a result of readiness and experiences. § Adult participation leads to more complex play and teaches cultural values. © Monkey Business Images | Dreamstime. com Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Infant Intelligence Tests Bayley Scales of Infant Development § Suitable for children between 1 month and 3½ years The Bayley-III § § § The Cognitive Scale The Language Scale The Motor Scale The Social-Emotional Scale* The Adaptive Behavior Scale* * Rely on parental report Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Normal Distribution of Intelligence Test Scores Figure 6. 9 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

HOME Infant–Toddler Subscales Source: Bradley, 1994; Bradley et al. , 2001. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

High-Quality HOME Environment Checklist via observation and parental interview n n n Measured during first three years (45 items; 6 subscales) Extent to which parents talk with children especially important Predicts language, IQ (at 4 ½), and academic achievement n Genetic–environmental correlation?

IQ Improvement from Early Intervention Programs IQ scores of treatment and control children from infancy to 21 years in the Carolina Abecedarian Project. At 1 year, treatment children outperformed controls, an advantage consistently maintained through age 21. The IQ scores of both groups declined gradually during childhood and adolescence— a trend probably due to the damaging impact of poverty on mental development. (Adapted from Campbell et al. , 2001. ) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.