Chapter 5 Adolescence Module 5 2 Cognitive Development

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education,

Cognitive Development Approaches • Piaget • Information processing • Adolescent egocentrism 276 Discovering the

Piagetian Perspective • Fixed sequence of qualitatively different stages • Fundamentally different than child

Piagetian Stages Related to Youth Development Concrete operations Formal operations • 6 -11 years

Developmental of Formal Operations • Emergent – Early adolescence – Variable usage depends on

Piaget…Pros and Cons Pros • Catalyst for much research • Accounts for many changes

Information Processing View • Study of cognitive development in component processes • Incorporates same

Changes in Information Processing • Gains during adolescence help to explain developmental differences in

Changes Include five basic areas: • • • Attention Memory Information processing speed Organizational

Thinking about Thinking… Metacognition improves during adolescence – Thinks about own thoughts selfconsciousness –

Adolescent Egocentrism • Imaginary audience • Personal fables • Assessment methodology 280 Discovering the

How do adolescents connect using technology? • • E-mails Instant messages (IMs) Web logs

Review and Apply REVIEW • Adolescence corresponds to Piaget’s formal operations period, a stage

Review and Apply REVIEW • Adolescents are susceptible to adolescent egocentrism and the perception

School Performance Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education,

True or False? Grades awarded to high school students have shifted upward in the

Socioeconomic Status and School Performance Individual Differences in Achievement • Children living in poverty

Ethnic and Racial Differences in School Achievement • Significant achievement differences between ethnic and

What is the source of such ethnic and racial differences in academic achievement? Discovering

Cyberspace: Adolescents Online 285 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009

The Downside of Click • • Objectionable material available Growing problem of Internet gambling

Dropping Out of School • Incidence • Causes • Consequences 285 Discovering the Lifespan

Review and Apply REVIEW • Academic performance is linked in complex ways to socioeconomic

Review and Apply REVIEW • The educational benefits of the Internet are many, but

Review and Apply APPLY • What sorts of external factors (i. e. not attributable

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Chapter 5: Adolescence Module 5. 2 Cognitive Development in Adolescence Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Cognitive Development Approaches • Piaget • Information processing • Adolescent egocentrism 276 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Piagetian Perspective • Fixed sequence of qualitatively different stages • Fundamentally different than child thinking • Utilized in variety of settings and situations 276 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Piagetian Stages Related to Youth Development Concrete operations Formal operations • 6 -11 years • Mastery of logic • Development of rational thinking • 11+ years • Development of abstract and hypothetical reasoning • Development of propositional logic 277 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Developmental of Formal Operations • Emergent – Early adolescence – Variable usage depends on conditions surrounding assessment • Established – Late adolescence – Consolidated and integrated into general approach to reasoning 277 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Piaget…Pros and Cons Pros • Catalyst for much research • Accounts for many changes observed during adolescence • Helps explain – Developmental differences – Multidimensionality – Metacognition Cons • Fails to prove – Stage like fashion of cognition – FO is adolescent cognitive stage • Fails to account for variability – Between children – Within child – Within specific situations 278 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Information Processing View • Study of cognitive development in component processes • Incorporates same techniques to understanding human reasoning that computer scientists employ in writing programs 279 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Changes in Information Processing • Gains during adolescence help to explain developmental differences in abstract, multidimensional, and hypothetical thinking 279 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Changes Include five basic areas: • • • Attention Memory Information processing speed Organizational strategies Metacognition 279 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Thinking about Thinking… Metacognition improves during adolescence – Thinks about own thoughts selfconsciousness – Monitors own learning processes more efficiently – Paces own studying 279 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Adolescent Egocentrism • Imaginary audience • Personal fables • Assessment methodology 280 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

How do adolescents connect using technology? • • E-mails Instant messages (IMs) Web logs (blogs) Websites Chat rooms Cell phones Camcorders 285 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Adolescence corresponds to Piaget’s formal operations period, a stage characterized by abstract reasoning and an experimental approach to problems. • According to the information processing perspective, the cognitive advances of adolescence are quantitative and gradual, involving improvements in many aspects of thinking and memory. Improved metacognition enables the monitoring of thought processes and of mental capacities. 282 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Adolescents are susceptible to adolescent egocentrism and the perception that an imaginary audience is constantly observing their behavior. They also construct personal fables that stress their uniqueness and immunity to harm. 282 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

True or False? Grades awarded to high school students have shifted upward in the last decade. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Socioeconomic Status and School Performance Individual Differences in Achievement • Children living in poverty lack many advantages • Later school success builds heavily on basic skills presumably learned or not learned early in school 283 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Ethnic and Racial Differences in School Achievement • Significant achievement differences between ethnic and racial groups – On average, African American and Hispanic students tend to perform at lower levels, receive lower grades, and score lower on standardized tests of achievement than Caucasian students – Asian American students tend to receive higher grades than Caucasian students 283 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

What is the source of such ethnic and racial differences in academic achievement? Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Downside of Click • • Objectionable material available Growing problem of Internet gambling Safety Digital divide 285 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Dropping Out of School • Incidence • Causes • Consequences 285 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Academic performance is linked in complex ways to socioeconomic status and to race and ethnicity. • Both gender and ethnicity affect the incidence of dropping out. 286 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • The educational benefits of the Internet are many, but it also introduces adolescents to objectionable material and online gambling. 286 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply APPLY • What sorts of external factors (i. e. not attributable to the students) might negatively affect the performance of U. S. students on international achievement tests? 286 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.