Chapter 43 The Bodys Defenses Lymphocytes I Innate

Chapter 43 The Body’s Defenses Lymphocytes

I. Innate Immunity • A. The First Line, _____ Defenses – 1. The ______ and ____ membranes are our primary defense. • Sweat glands keep the skin p. H at 3 -5, too ______ for most microbes. • Tears, saliva, and mucous have antimicrobial proteins including _______ which destroy bacteria.

• B. The Second Line… – 1. The ______response includes localized swelling, redness, and heat of inflammation. • Chemical signals draw clotting factors and _______ cells from the blood into the damaged tissue. 2. _____ is in tears, saliva and mucous.

– 3. Cellular ________ include: • a. _____ white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins. • b. _______ proteins can lyse foreign cells. • c. _____ interferes with a viruses ability to reproduce.

– Phagocytic cells and _______ cells are on the prowl… • a. ____(WBC’s) are attracted to the area of infection by chemical signals given off by infected cells. (_____) • b. ____ migrate into tissues and become macrophages(big eaters) Phagocytosis

• c. ____ attack larger parasitic invaders like the liver fluke. • d. _______ cells destroy virus infected body cells and abnormal cells that might become cancerous. » They don’t “eat” the cells, they attack the cell membrane and lyse the cells.

II. The Specific Line of Defense • A. _____(B and T cells) are the key cells of the third line of defense against disease. – 1. _______ include • a. plasma cells -produce antibodies against specific antigens(foreign proteins) • b. _______ cells which circulate for years= immunity!

2. ________ include a. _____ T cells -destroy infected cells and cancer cells by recognizing the foreign antigens on their surface. b. _____ T cells -alert the immune system when an infection has taken place.

-When we have an infection, the foreign proteins on the surface of the invader, called ____, are recognized by our B and T cells. -The B cells produce ____ to bind to antigens and prevent the invader from entering healthy cells. -The T cells bind to the ____ that are displayed on our own cells and destroy your infected cell.

Immune Tolerance for Self • Immune cells are monitored to assure that they do not have receptors for proteins already present in the body. If they do, they are destroyed by programmed cell death. The _______ to distinguish self from _______ is critical to survival. The immune system exhibits the critical feature of _____-____. Failure of this feature can lead to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, ____, Crohn’s disease and psoriasis.

III. Immune Responses • A. ____ immunity involves B cell activation and results from the production of antibodies in the blood. (respond to free bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood) • B. ________ immunity depends on the action of T cells. (respond to bacteria and viruses within infected cells and also against fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms) • C. The _____ cell is necessary for both types of immune responses because they activate both the B cells and the T cells.

IV. Immunity in Health and Disease • A. _____ immunity is conferred from recovering from an infectious disease or artificially through _____. (chicken pox) • B. _____ immunity results when antibodies are transferred from one person to another(mother to child) (rabies injection)

V. HIV • A. Human immunodeficiency virus causes ____, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. – 1. People with AIDS have a ______ immune response and become susceptible to _____ diseases. – 2. 38 million are infected and 24 million have died. – 3. There is no ____ in sight. – 4. The creation of ‘____” is a problem when two infected individuals engage in activities that create multi-drug resistant strains of the virus. HIV infected T cell

• B. The _____ attacks the Helper T cell, thus eliminating the “_______” of the immune system. The body becomes unable to mount an immune response. – 1. AIDS sufferers typically die of “______” diseases like pneumonia. – 2. Even the flu can be ____ because of the lack of an immune response.

VI. Emergent Diseases • A. An __________ is an infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly ______ in incidence or geographic range.

VII. What’s Next… • A. Advances in molecular biology promise to provide new _____ for disease. – 1. Genetically engineered ____ work against tumor necrosis factor, the substance that causes rheumatoid athritis and Crohn’s disease. – 2. _____ antibodies are effective against certain cancers like lymphomas. – 3. New advances are just around the corner…