Chapter 40 Community Interactions Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice
- Slides: 34
Chapter 40 • Community Interactions Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Importance of Community Interactions Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Effects of Competition Among Species • Ecological Niche: Place & Role of Each Species in Its Ecosystem • Adaptations Reduce the Overlap of Ecological Niches Among Coexisting Species – Competitive exclusion – Resource partitioning Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 1 p. 821) (F 40. 2 p. 821)
population density Competitive Exclusion grown in separate flasks grown in the same flask days Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. P. aurelia P. caudatum
60 Resource Partitioning foraging height (feet) Cape May warbler 40 Blackburnian warbler blackthroated green warbler 20 bay-breasted warbler 0 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. myrtle warbler
Effects of Competition Among Species • Competition Helps Control Population Size and Distribution – Keystone species 830) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 13 p.
Keystone Species: Removal dramatically alters the community Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey • Forms of predation (F 40. 3 p. 822) • Predator–Prey Interactions Shape Evolutionary Adaptations – Warning coloration (F 40. 7 p. 825) – Warning mimicry (F 40. 8 p. 825) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Predators and Prey Have Evolved Counteracting Behaviors – Camouflage Conceals Both Predators and Their Prey • Camouflage by blending in (F 40. 4 p. 823) • Camouflage by resembling specific objects (F 40. 5 p. 824) • Camouflage assists predators Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 6 p. 824)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey? – Bright Colors Often Warn of Danger • Chemical warfare (F 40. 11 p. 827) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Organisms Gain Protection Through Mimicry • Visual and behavioral mimicry • Startle coloration Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 9 p. 826) (F 40. 10 p. 827)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Predators and Prey Engage in Chemical Warfare – Plants and Herbivores Have Coevolutionary Adaptations Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Symbiosis • Parasitism Harms, but Does Not Immediately Kill, the Host • In Mutualistic Interactions, Both Species Benefit – Mutualism – A mutualistic relationship Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 12 p. 828) (FE 40. 1 p. 829)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Major Forms of Succession: Primary and Secondary – Primary Succession Can Begin on Bare Rock • Primary succession (F 40. 15 p. 832) – An Abandoned Farm Will Undergo Secondary Succession • Secondary succession Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 16 p. 833)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
lichens and moss on bare rock 0 blueberry, juniper bluebell, yarrow time (years) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. jack pine, black spruce, balsam fir, paper birch, aspen white spruce, climax forest 1000
plowed field 0 ragweed, crabgrass and other grasses asters, blackberry Virginia pine, goldenrod, tulip poplar, broom sedge sweet gum grass time (years) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. oak-hickory climax forest 200
Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Succession Also Occurs in Ponds and Lakes – Succession in a small freshwater pond (F 40. 17 p. 833) – Exotic species Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (FE 40. 2 p. 834)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Succession Culminates in the Climax Community • Some Ecosystems Are Maintained in a Subclimax State – Color variants of “walking sticks” prefer different plants (F 40. 18 p. 836) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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