Chapter 40 Community Interactions Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Importance of Community Interactions Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Effects of Competition Among Species • Ecological Niche: Place & Role of Each Species

population density Competitive Exclusion grown in separate flasks grown in the same flask days

60 Resource Partitioning foraging height (feet) Cape May warbler 40 Blackburnian warbler blackthroated green

Effects of Competition Among Species • Competition Helps Control Population Size and Distribution –

Keystone Species: Removal dramatically alters the community Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey • Forms of predation (F 40.

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Predators and Prey Have

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey? – Bright Colors Often Warn of

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Organisms Gain Protection Through

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Predators and Prey Engage

Symbiosis • Parasitism Harms, but Does Not Immediately Kill, the Host • In Mutualistic

Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Major Forms of Succession: Primary and

lichens and moss on bare rock 0 blueberry, juniper bluebell, yarrow time (years) Copyright

plowed field 0 ragweed, crabgrass and other grasses asters, blackberry Virginia pine, goldenrod, tulip

Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Succession Also Occurs in Ponds and

Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Succession Culminates in the Climax Community

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Effects of Competition Among Species • Ecological Niche: Place & Role of Each Species in Its Ecosystem • Adaptations Reduce the Overlap of Ecological Niches Among Coexisting Species – Competitive exclusion – Resource partitioning Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 1 p. 821) (F 40. 2 p. 821)

60 Resource Partitioning foraging height (feet) Cape May warbler 40 Blackburnian warbler blackthroated green warbler 20 bay-breasted warbler 0 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. myrtle warbler

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey • Forms of predation (F 40. 3 p. 822) • Predator–Prey Interactions Shape Evolutionary Adaptations – Warning coloration (F 40. 7 p. 825) – Warning mimicry (F 40. 8 p. 825) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Predators and Prey Have Evolved Counteracting Behaviors – Camouflage Conceals Both Predators and Their Prey • Camouflage by blending in (F 40. 4 p. 823) • Camouflage by resembling specific objects (F 40. 5 p. 824) • Camouflage assists predators Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 6 p. 824)

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Organisms Gain Protection Through Mimicry • Visual and behavioral mimicry • Startle coloration Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 9 p. 826) (F 40. 10 p. 827)

Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey – Some Predators and Prey Engage in Chemical Warfare – Plants and Herbivores Have Coevolutionary Adaptations Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Symbiosis • Parasitism Harms, but Does Not Immediately Kill, the Host • In Mutualistic Interactions, Both Species Benefit – Mutualism – A mutualistic relationship Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 12 p. 828) (FE 40. 1 p. 829)

Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Major Forms of Succession: Primary and Secondary – Primary Succession Can Begin on Bare Rock • Primary succession (F 40. 15 p. 832) – An Abandoned Farm Will Undergo Secondary Succession • Secondary succession Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (F 40. 16 p. 833)

lichens and moss on bare rock 0 blueberry, juniper bluebell, yarrow time (years) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. jack pine, black spruce, balsam fir, paper birch, aspen white spruce, climax forest 1000

plowed field 0 ragweed, crabgrass and other grasses asters, blackberry Virginia pine, goldenrod, tulip poplar, broom sedge sweet gum grass time (years) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. oak-hickory climax forest 200

Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Succession Also Occurs in Ponds and Lakes – Succession in a small freshwater pond (F 40. 17 p. 833) – Exotic species Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. (FE 40. 2 p. 834)

Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over Time • Succession Culminates in the Climax Community • Some Ecosystems Are Maintained in a Subclimax State – Color variants of “walking sticks” prefer different plants (F 40. 18 p. 836) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.