Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization Power

4 -1 The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural Copyright ©

Four Types of Tissues • Tissues are groups of cells and cell products that

Tissues of the Body Figure 4 -1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

4 -2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves

Epithelial Tissues • Characteristics of Epithelia – Cellularity (cell junctions) – Polarity (apical and

Epithelial Tissues • Functions of Epithelial Tissue – Provide physical protection – Control permeability

Intercellular Connections • Support and Communication – CAMs (cell adhesion molecules): • Transmembrane proteins

Intercellular Connections • Cell junctions – Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material:

Intercellular Connections Figure 4 -2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Surface of Epithelial Cells Figure 4 -3 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Epithelial Renewal and Repair • Epithelia are replaced by division of germinative cells (stem

4 -3 Cell shape and number of layers determine the classification of epithelia Copyright

Classification of Epithelia • Singular epithelium • Plural epithelia • Classes of Epithelia –

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Epithelia Figure 4 -4 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Epithelia Figure 4 -5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glandular Epithelia • Endocrine Glands – Release hormones: • Into interstitial fluid • No

Glandular Epithelia • Types of Secretions – Serous glands: • Watery secretions – Mucous

Glandular Epithelia • Mechanism of Secretion – Merocrine secretion: • Is produced in Golgi

Mechanisms of Secretion Figure 4 -6 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

4 -4 Connective tissue provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types Copyright

Connective Tissues • Characteristics of Connective Tissues – Specialized cells – Solid extracellular protein

Connective Tissues • Functions of connective tissues – Support and protection – Transportation of

Major Types of Connective Tissue Figure 4 -7 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Connective Tissues • Cell Types of Connective Tissue Proper – Fibroblasts – Macrophages –

Connective Tissues • Connective Tissue Fibers – Collagen fibers – Reticular fibers – Elastic

Connective Tissues • Ground Substance – Is clear, colorless, and viscous – Fills spaces

Types of Connective Tissue Proper • Loose Connective Tissue – More ground substance, less

Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper Figure 4 -8 Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Connective Tissue Proper Figure 4 -9 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Connective Tissues • Fluid Connective Tissues – Blood and lymph – Watery matrix of

Supportive Connective Tissues • Cartilage – Gel-type ground substance – For shock absorption and

Supportive Connective Tissues • Cartilage Matrix – Proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates – Ground

Supportive Connective Tissues • Cartilage Structure – No blood vessels: • Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis

Supportive Connective Tissues • Types of Cartilage – Hyaline cartilage: • Stiff, flexible support

Types of Cartilage Figure 4 -10 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supportive Connective Tissues • Bone or osseous tissue – Strong (calcified: calcium salt deposits)

Bone Figure 4 -11 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

4 -5 Membranes are physical barriers of four types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

Membranes • Membranes – Are physical barriers – That line or cover portions of

Membranes • Four Types of Membranes – Mucous membranes – Serous membranes – Cutaneous

Membranes • Mucous Membranes (Mucosae) – Line passageways that have external connections – In

Membranes • Serous Membranes – Line cavities not open to the outside – Are

Membranes • Three Serous Membranes – Pleura: • Lines pleural cavities • Covers lungs

Membranes Figure 4 -12 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Membranes • Cutaneous Membrane – Is skin, surface of the body – Thick, waterproof,

4 -6 The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth Copyright

Muscle Tissue • Specialized for contraction • Produces all body movement • Three types

Muscle Tissue Figure 4 -13 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

4 -7 Neural tissue responds to stimuli and conducts electrical impulses throughout the body

Neural Tissue • Also called nervous or nerve tissue – Specialized for conducting electrical

Neural Tissue • Neural tissue is concentrated in the central nervous system – Brain

Neural Tissue • Two Kinds of Neural Cells – Neurons: • Nerve cells •

Neural Tissue • Cell Parts of a Neuron – Cell body: • Contains the

Neural Tissue Figure 4 -14 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

4 -8 The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration Copyright © 2010

Tissue Injuries and Repair • Tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis – Cells

Tissue Injuries and Repair • Inflammation = inflammatory response – The tissue’s first response

Tissue Injuries and Repair • Inflammatory Response – Can be triggered by: • Trauma

4 -9 With advancing age, tissue repair declines and cancer rates increase Copyright ©

Aging and Tissue Structure • Speed and efficiency of tissue repair decrease with age

Aging and Cancer Incidence • Cancer rates increase with age – 1 in 4

Aging and Cancer Incidence • Three most common types of skin cancer – Basal

Aging and Cancer Incidence The ABCD rule is another guide to the usual signs

Aging and Cancer Incidence • Other warning signs are: – – – A sore

Aging and Cancer Incidence Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Epithelial Tissues • Characteristics of Epithelia – Cellularity (cell junctions) – Polarity (apical and basal surfaces) – Attachment – Avascularity – Regeneration Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Epithelial Tissues • Functions of Epithelial Tissue – Provide physical protection – Control permeability – Provide sensation – Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intercellular Connections • Support and Communication – CAMs (cell adhesion molecules): • Transmembrane proteins – Intercellular cement: • Proteoglycans – Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid): • Glycosaminoglycans Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intercellular Connections • Cell junctions – Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material: • Tight junctions • Gap junctions • Desmosomes (macula adherens) Intercellular Connections Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Epithelia • Singular epithelium • Plural epithelia • Classes of Epithelia – Based on layers: • Simple epithelium: single layer of cells • Stratified epithelium: several layers of cells – Based on shape: • Squamous epithelia: thin and flat • Cuboidal epithelia: square shaped • Columnar epithelia: tall, slender rectangles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glandular Epithelia • Endocrine Glands – Release hormones: • Into interstitial fluid • No ducts • Exocrine Glands – Produce secretions: • Onto epithelial surfaces • Through ducts Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glandular Epithelia • Types of Secretions – Serous glands: • Watery secretions – Mucous glands: • Secrete mucins – Mixed exocrine glands: • Both serous and mucous Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glandular Epithelia • Mechanism of Secretion – Merocrine secretion: • Is produced in Golgi apparatus • Is released by vesicles (exocytosis) • For example, sweat glands – Apocrine secretion: • Is produced in Golgi apparatus • Is released by shedding cytoplasm • For example, mammary gland – Holocrine secretion: • Is released by cells bursting, killing gland cells • Gland cells replaced by stem cells • For example, sebaceous gland Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Connective Tissues • Characteristics of Connective Tissues – Specialized cells – Solid extracellular protein fibers – Fluid extracellular ground substance • The extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers and ground substance) make up the matrix – Majority of tissue volume – Determines specialized function Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Connective Tissue Proper • Loose Connective Tissue – More ground substance, less fibers – For example, fat (adipose tissue) • Dense Connective Tissue – More fibers, less ground substance – For example, tendons Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Connective Tissues • Fluid Connective Tissues – Blood and lymph – Watery matrix of dissolved proteins – Carry specific cell types (formed elements) • Formed elements of blood – red blood cells (erythrocytes) – white blood cells (leukocytes) – platelets Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supportive Connective Tissues • Cartilage – Gel-type ground substance – For shock absorption and protection • Bone – Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) – For weight support Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supportive Connective Tissues • Cartilage Matrix – Proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates – Ground substance proteins • Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) surrounded by lacunae (chambers) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supportive Connective Tissues • Cartilage Structure – No blood vessels: • Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor – Perichondrium: • Outer, fibrous layer (for strength) • Inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supportive Connective Tissues • Types of Cartilage – Hyaline cartilage: • Stiff, flexible support • Reduces friction between bones • Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea – Elastic cartilage: • Supportive but bends easily • Found in external ear and epiglottis – Fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage): • • Limits movement Prevents bone-to-bone contact Pads knee joints Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supportive Connective Tissues • Bone or osseous tissue – Strong (calcified: calcium salt deposits) – Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers) • Bone cells or osteocytes – Arranged around central canals within matrix – Small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood supply • Periosteum – Covers bone surfaces – Fibrous layer – Cellular layer Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Membranes • Mucous Membranes (Mucosae) – Line passageways that have external connections – In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts – Epithelial surfaces must be moist: • To reduce friction • To facilitate absorption and excretion – Lamina propria: • Is areolar tissue Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Membranes • Serous Membranes – Line cavities not open to the outside – Are thin but strong – Have fluid transudate to reduce friction – Have a parietal portion covering the cavity – Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Membranes • Three Serous Membranes – Pleura: • Lines pleural cavities • Covers lungs – Peritoneum: • Lines peritoneal cavity • Covers abdominal organs – Pericardium: • Lines pericardial cavity • Covers heart Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Membranes • Cutaneous Membrane – Is skin, surface of the body – Thick, waterproof, and dry • Synovial Membranes – Line moving, articulating joint cavities – Produce synovial fluid (lubricant) – Protect the ends of bones – Lack a true epithelium Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscle Tissue • Specialized for contraction • Produces all body movement • Three types of muscle tissue – Skeletal muscle: • Large body muscles responsible for movement – Cardiac muscle: • Found only in the heart – Smooth muscle: • Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neural Tissue • Also called nervous or nerve tissue – Specialized for conducting electrical impulses – Rapidly senses internal or external environment – Processes information and controls responses Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neural Tissue • Two Kinds of Neural Cells – Neurons: • Nerve cells • Perform electrical communication – Neuroglia: • Supporting cells • Repair and supply nutrients to neurons Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neural Tissue • Cell Parts of a Neuron – Cell body: • Contains the nucleus and nucleolus – Dendrites: • Short branches extending from the cell body • Receive incoming signals – Axon (nerve fiber): • Long, thin extension of the cell body • Carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tissue Injuries and Repair • Inflammation = inflammatory response – The tissue’s first response to injury • Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response include – Swelling – Redness – Heat – Pain Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Aging and Tissue Structure • Speed and efficiency of tissue repair decrease with age due to – Slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism) – Hormonal alterations – Reduced physical activity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Aging and Cancer Incidence • Cancer rates increase with age – 1 in 4 people in the United States develops cancer – Cancer is the #2 cause of death in the United States – Environmental chemicals and cigarette smoke cause cancer Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Aging and Cancer Incidence The ABCD rule is another guide to the usual signs of melanoma. Be on the lookout and tell your doctor about spots that have any of the following features: A is for Asymmetry: One half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other. B is for Border: The edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred. C is for Color: The color is not the same all over and may include shades of brown or black, or sometimes with patches of pink, red, white, or blue. D is for Diameter: The spot is larger than 6 millimeters across (about ¼ inch – the size of a pencil eraser), but melanomas can sometimes be smaller than this. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Aging and Cancer Incidence • Other warning signs are: – – – A sore that does not heal Spread of pigment from the border of a spot to surrounding skin Redness or a new swelling beyond the border Change in sensation – itchiness, tenderness, or pain Change in the surface of a mole – scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or the appearance of a bump or nodule Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.