CHAPTER 4 The Bonds of Empire 1660 1750

CHAPTER 4 The Bonds of Empire, 1660 -1750 1. How did the Glorious Revolution shape relations between England its North American colonies? 2. What factors contributed most significantly to the growth and prosperity of the British mainland colonies? 3. What factors explain the relative strengths of the British, French, and Spanish empires in North America? 4. What were the most significant results of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening in the British colonies?

Rebellion and War, 1660 -1713 Royal Centralization, 1660 -1688 English kings Charles II and James II took control of the British colonies by creating the royal colony of New Hampshire (1679), making Massachusetts a royal colony (1684), and creating the Dominion of New England In 1686 -1688. Sir Edmund Andros was the royally appointed governor of this new “supercolony”

Rebellion and War, 1660 -1713 The Glorious Revolution, 1688 -1689 In 1688, William and Mary (Protestant/Anglican) oust James II (Catholic) who fled to France They set up a limited monarchy in England They dismantled the Dominion of New England, but kept a little more control than before the Dominion was created (esp. in Massachusetts) They reestablished representative govt. and religious freedom (for Protestants) The goal in the colonies was to have voluntary allegiance rather than involuntary submission

Rebellion and War, 1660 -1713 A Generation of War, 1689 -1713 King William’s War (1690 -1697): England vs. France In America: mostly border wars with New France, lost some allegiances from the Iroquois Confederacy Queen Anne’s War (1702 -1713): England vs. France and Spain In America: Colonists realized they were weak So… these wars showed that the colonists were militarily weak and still dependent on their mother country = renewed loyalty to Britain

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 Mercantilist Empires in America Mercantilism worked well for Britain (and its colonies) It didn’t work so well for France and Spain Many colonists (British, French, and Spanish) just ignored the mainland’s policies and did their business privately MERCANTILISM

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 Mercantilist Empires in America BRITISH NAVIGATION ACTS • 1651: • 1660: • 1663: Trade only allowed on British (including colonial) ships Banned sale of certain items (i. e. sugar, tobacco, rice, furs) to foreign countries unless they first passed through England Placed high taxes on products bought outside the British Empire (i. e. French molasses) These Acts inadvertently helped the colonists by increasing the colonial merchant marine, shipbuilding industry, and urbanization around port cities

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 Population Growth and Diversity 1700 English: 250, 000 French: 15, 000 Spanish: 4, 500 1750 1, 170, 000 (20% were slaves) 60, 000 19, 000 WHY? ? ? English: open to all Europeans focus on families French: open to French traders and missionaries Spanish: open to Spanish soldiers and missionaries

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 Population Growth and Diversity British colonies had growth both from natural increase and from immigration Majority of European immigrants were poor and/or indentured servants (still) This is where they ended up There was also a huge increase in slaves, but way more slaves were still headed to the West Indies rather than America

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 Rural White Men and Women Farming wasn’t a lucrative career choice Most farmers were in debt for most of their lives An increasing number of young men turned away from farming and looked to the frontier, port cities, or the high seas for a livelihood

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 Colonial Farmers and the Environment Rapid deforestation caused… • Removal of forest animals • Addition of field animals • Warmer summers and colder winters • Unstable water levels in streams • Huge decrease in fish population • Dry and hard soil To make matters worse, the famers rarely used any fertilizers or methods to replenish the soil, such as crop rotation

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 The Urban Paradox • Only 4% of colonists lived in cities, however… • They became overcrowded • There was poor sanitation • This caused the spread of disease and early deaths • There was high unemployment • The wealth was highly concentrated

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 Slavery You know the conditions… very harsh • Slaves worked from about 7 yrs. old ‘til death • Men and women both performed hard labor • What little time they had “off” work, they used to tend their own crops • Rebellions were usually quickly and brutally suppressed by the fearful whites, such as the… STONO REBELLION (1739) in South Carolina

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660 -1750 The Rise of the Colonial Elites • • • The 18 th century colonial elites began to show off their wealth by imitating the upper-crust Europeans Huge mansions Refined manners Fancy clothes Rode in carriages Expensive material goods Well-educated This led to even more of a desire by the colonists to acquire British consumer goods

Competing for a Continent, 1713 -1750 France and the American Heartland 1718: France founds New Orleans and makes it the capital of Louisiana French had better relations with the Indians than the British, but not great French success was often dependent on their relations with the Indians

Competing for a Continent, 1713 -1750 Native Americans and British Expansion British continued their alliance with some Indians (i. e. Iroquois), but mostly either killed them or dislocated them… Tuscarora War (1711 -1713): Dislocated the Tuscarora Indians out of Carolina (North) Yamasee War (1715 -1716): Dislocated the Yamasee Indians out of Carolina (South)

Competing for a Continent, 1713 -1750 British Expansion in the South: Georgia Founded in 1732; led by James Oglethorpe • Set up to be a haven for British debtors and a buffer colony from Spanish Florida • No landholdings of over 500 acres • No alcohol • No representative government • No slavery! – – Degraded blacks (according to Oglethorpe) Made whites lazy No slave revolts (near Spanish Florida) Wouldn’t help poor whites recover from debt Georgia didn’t really succeed until they let in slaves (1750) and large landholdings (1754)

Competing for a Continent, 1713 -1750 Spain’s Borderlands Very sparsely populated in NM, TX, and FL They started having better relations with the Indians They offered freedom to any English-owned slaves who made it to FL and became Catholic

Competing for a Continent, 1713 -1750 The Return of War, 1739 -1748 The War of Jenkins’ Ear/King George’s War (1739 -1748) This was mainly a war between England France, but it spilled over to North America like prior European wars The main engagement in North America was when New Englanders captured the French fort at Louisbourg After the war, the British gave it back which improved international relations, but kinda ticked off the New Englanders who fought so hard… for nothing!

Public Life in British America, 1689 -1750 Colonial Politics After the Glorious Revolution, the power shifted from here because of this Appointed Royal Governor Appointed Governor’s Council Elected Assembly to here Only white men could vote and colonial politics were dominated by the wealthy elite; yet it was still more democratic than in England

Public Life in British America, 1689 -1750 The Enlightenment Based upon logic, reason, and science Epitome of Enlightenment in America was… More popular in cities (that’s where the educated people were) Many Enlightenment thinkers trusted in reason over the Bible and were Deists – they believed in God, but that He set things in motion and then stopped intervening BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

Public Life in British America, 1689 -1750 The Great Awakening (1730 s – 1740 s) Jonathan Edwards – “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” George Whitefield New Lights: Old Lights: Decrease: Quakers & Anglicans (Old Lights) Emotional Repentance Enthusiastic Rational Human Improvement Reserved Increase: Baptists & Presbyterians (New Lights) Colleges (Old & New Light) Also: Crossed racial and gender lines