Chapter 4 The Age of Religious Wars Copyright

Chapter 4 The Age of Religious Wars Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The massacre of worshipping Protestants at Vassy, France on March 1, 1562, which began the French Wars of Religion. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Counter-Reformation Reform movement in the Catholic Church in response to the Reformation of the Protestant Church. Catholics devoted to one head and one law – such as an absolute monarchy. Catholicism supports centralized episcopal church with hierarchy. Stresses obedience to a supreme leader (Pope). Enjoyed the baroque art style, which presented life in grandiose three-dimensional displays. Calvinism appealed to those who support political de-centralization, anti-hierarchy. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

18 th c. Catholic baroque Church in Ottobruen, Bavaria (HRE/Germany) 17 th c. Calvinist plain church in the Palatinate, southwest Germany. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Baroque art Successor to mannerism style. Grandiose, ornate, heavy representation of life. 3 -D display of “raw energy” Curved rather than straight lines Dramatic ornamentation.

Baroque painting: Peter Paul Rubens: The Fall of Phaeton, c. 1608

Baroque painting: Peter Paul Rubens: Venus and Adonis, 1630 s

Baroque painting: Peter Paul Rubens: Christ on the Cross Between the Two Thieves 1620.

French Baroque style in architecture: The Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Louis XIV.

Baroque sculpture: Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne and The Ecstasy of St. Teresa.

Protestant, Calvinist art: more restrained, gentle, and simple lines. Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch Mennonite Abraham and Isaac, 1634 Self Portrait, 1640.

Also by Rembramdt: Bathsheba at her Bath, 1654

Politiques Intellectuals of the 1500’s criticized the religious strife between Catholics and Protestants. Rulers/leaders who put the success and wellbeing of their states among all else. Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation and became indifferent to religion became known as politiques. Elizabeth I of England the most successful politique. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Protestant Repression in France French Protestants were known as Huguenots Emperor Charles V started the first wave of Protestant persecution in 1525 1534 – Protestants arrested and leader John Calvin sent into exile 1540 – Edict of Fontainebleau makes Protestants subject to the Inquisition 1551 – Edict of Chateaubriand establishes more measures against the Protestants Later the Bourbon and Montmorency-Chatillon families become sympathetic to the Hugenots Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Catholic struggle for power After accidental death of French King Henry II, his sick 15 -year old son Francis II took the throne, then died a year later. Three powerful families saw an opportunity: The Bourbons (SW France) The Montmorency-Chatillons (central France) The Guises: strongest family (eastern France) Guises established control over them: Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was widow of Francis and niece of the Guises. Guise= militant, reactionary Catholicism

Appeal of Calvinism John Calvin curries favor with powerful aristocrats like the Prince of Conde, who converted to Calvinism. The powerful combination of now political and religious (the Huguenots) dissidents made Calvinism a viable religion in Catholic France. Ambitious aristocrats joined the Calvinists to oppose Guise domination. Hoped to have territorial sovereignty “ciuis region eius religio” like the Peace of Augsberg in the HRE. Calvinism provided that vehicle. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Medicis and the Guises Catherine de Medicis unsuccessfully attempts to reconcile the differences between the Protestants and the Catholic Guises (dominant radical Catholic group of Eastern France) with religious toleration. Was ruling for her infant son Charles IX after her son Francis II’s death. The duke of Guise massacres Protestant worshippers in surprise attack in Champagne, causing the French wars of religion. Medicis and her young king son go under the control of the Guises. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Catherine de Medicis (1519 -1589). Wife of Henry II. Mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Three wars of religion end with the deaths of the duke of Guise (assassination), Protestant military leader Conde and a Huguenot victory. Peace treaty acknowledges the Protestant nobility, grant Huguenots religious freedom, and the right to fortify their cities. Catherine, who once supported the Protestants, turns to the Guises, fearing Protestant military leader Coligny would draw France into a war with Spain that could not be handled by her son. Catherine ultimately wants a Catholic France but wants religious tolerance and peace. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Catherine convinces her son King Charles IX (now 22) that a Huguenot coup was about to happen. Response is on August 24, 1572 – Coligny and 3, 000 Huguenots are massacred in Paris; within three days, 20, 000 other Protestants are also killed in France. Pope Gregory III and Philip II of Spain= happy! Protestant cause becomes one of sheer survival. In response, Protestant writers call for an active defense of religious rights and overthrow of tyranny. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Henry of Navarre Henry III (son of Catherine), a Catholic politique attempts to compromise with the warring religions to save the nation (which was more important to him than religion). Catholic League (supported by Spain) vs. The Huguenots Henry III, under Catholic League influence, took away some Protestant rights. Henry of Navarre (heir to French throne, distant cousin to Henry III) leads the Protestants in turning back Henry III’s attempt to rout the Protestants at the Day of the Barricades. Weakens Henry III, and has Duke of Guise assassinated. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Henry of Navarre = Henry IV The two Henrys are forced into an alliance against the Guises, but Henry III is assassinated and Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV, a Protestant as King of France! Henry IV, basically a politique, converts to Catholicism, horrifying the Huguenots. Still a popular king, strong opponent of Spain, which made everyone happy anyway (sort of). “Paris is worth a Mass. ” Ended the French religious wars.

Henry IV of France (r. 1589 -1610) on horseback. 1594. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Edict of Nantes: April 13, 1598 A formal religious settlement from Henry IV that gave Protestants religious freedoms within their own towns and territories. Public worship, assembly, admission to public office and universities. The violence stops, but hostilities remain. A Catholic fanatic assassinates Henry IV in 1610. Laid foundation for transformation of France into an absolute monarchy. King Louis XIV will revoke this edict in 1685. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Philip II of Spain Son of Charles V, HRE, and Isabella of Portugal. Staunchly Catholic. Wants to rule the world.

Phillip II of Spain Most powerful man in Europe until the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Was very wealthy from bullion and gold. Increased population widens economic gap between the wealthy and the peasants. Wealth in Spain was concentrated in the hands of very few. Makes the Castilian peasants the most heavily taxed people in Europe. Ran an efficient bureaucracy and military. A sea battle in the Mediterranean Sea against Turkey leads to the deaths of 30, 000 Turks and Spanish control of the sea Suppresses resistance in Portugal. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Revolt in the Netherlands Phil tried to impose his will in England, France, and the Netherlands. The Netherlands was the richest area of the Habsburg kingdom. His sister, Margaret of Parma, ruled it for him. Headed by Cardinal Granvelle, a Catholic who wanted to limit Protestant power. Goal: Politically centralized but weak gov’t controlled by Spain. Peace of cake! But the Netherlands was full of rich Calvinist towns, like Antwerp.

Revolt in the Netherlands William of Orange: with the help of Count Egmont, he resisted Spanish influence. a. k. a. William of Nassau, or “William the Silent” A politique; was born Catholic, married a Lutheran and then converted to Calvinism after St. Bart’s Massacre. The Compromise, a solemn pledge by Philip II of Spain to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s brother) to reject the decrees of Council of Trent and the Inquisition. Revolt by the Protestants, after they were called “beggars” by Regent Margaret, is violently put down by Philip II’s Duke of Alba, who with an army of 100, 000, PUBLICLY executes thousands of suspected “heretics”, including Egmont. Spain then levies tax on the Netherlands- to make them pay for putting down their own revolt. Duke of Alba= severely hated man. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Netherlands during the Reformation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

“The Milch Cow”. The Netherlands as a cow being fed by Elizabeth I of England, Philip II is trying to ride her, William of Orange is trying to milk her, and the king of France holds her tail. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Independence for the Netherlands William of Orange comes out of exile in Germany and leads the independence movement of the Netherlands against Spain. • Orange takes over Calvinist-inclined Northern territories (Holland). • Enlists the help of the “Sea Beggars”. • Alba replaced by Don Luis de Requesens, who dies in 1576. Spanish Fury – Spanish mercenaries, unpaid and leaderless, leave 7, 000 people dead on November 4, 1576 – the massacre unites Protestant and Catholic Netherlands versus Spain under the Pacification of Ghent. Spain signs humiliating Perpetual Edict calling for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands. William of Orange takes control. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Independence for the Netherlands Southern Catholic provinces (modern Belgium) afraid of Protestant domination make peace with Spain in the Union of Arras and make one last effort to control the country. Philip sees this as an opportunity to seize the Neth again: he declares William an outlaw and places bounty on his head. Actually causes the North(Protestant) to react with even more resistance against Spain. William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by his son Maurice who with the help of England France finally defeat Spain. His assassin was a French Catholic/Spanish-educated Balthasar Gerard- he was caught, heinously tortured, then executed, Spain first signs truce in 1609 and recognizes full independence of the Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.

England Spain Before Edward VI (Henry VIII’s only son) died at age 16, he agreed to make Lady Jane Grey his successor instead of his Catholic half-sister Mary. Lady Grey: Edward’s second cousin and teen daughter of powerful Protestant noble. But England wasn’t ready for a nonhereditary monarch. She was beheaded after 9 days of ruling as Queen of England.

Mary I of England Catholic daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon (wife #1). Very hostile to Protestants (executes great Protestant leaders, like Thomas Cranmer; hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to the Continent as “Marian Exiles”). Hence, “Bloody Mary”. Had her half-sister Elizabeth imprisoned. Marries into militant Catholicism by wedding the Philip II of Spain. She was 11 years older than him. Makes Philip the king of England too. Dies childless of cancer after only 5 years. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Mary Tudor/ Queen Mary I: Reigned 1553 -1558. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Elizabeth I of England Reigned 1558 -1603 (45 years) Successful politique. Settled religious differences by merging broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican Church. All anti-Protestant legislation repealed and Thirty -Nine Articles is issued in 1563, making moderate Protestantism the official religion of the Church of England Animosity grows between England Spain over dominance of the seas Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Queen Elizabeth I (as Princess Elizabeth) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Swan Theater, near Shakespeare’s Globe Theater in England. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Catholic and Protestant Extremists Elizabeth wanted middle ground between Protestants and Catholics were the majority when she took the throne. She refused Philip II’s marriage proposal, earning Spanish resentment. Extremists and Jesuits plotted against her. She was the “Virgin Queen”: never married to remain politically independent.

Catholic and Protestant Extremists Radical Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth I with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (her 2 nd cousin) Many assassination attempts. Did not execute many Catholics. Puritans – Protestants who wanted to purify the church of any “popery” had two grievances about Elizabeth: • the retention of Catholic ceremony in the Church of England • the continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance Presbyterians – Puritans’ creation of an alternative national church of semi-autonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries. More extreme Puritans, Congregationalists wanted every congregation to be autonomous. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Mary, Queen of Scots Catholic ruler of Scotland who later is forced to abdicate throne and flee to England her cousin Elizabeth I after a public scandal. Elizabeth, who has Mary under house arrest for the fear of a Catholic England uprising, uncovers two plots against her life. Mary is compliant with the assassination attempts and is executed by Elizabeth. Ending all Catholic hopes of a bloodless reconciliation with Protestant England leads to the invasion of the Spanish Armada. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Deterioration of Relations with Spain Series of events: 1567 - Alba’s invasion of the Netherlands, which was seen as a stepping stone to invade England. Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth- 1570. Sea Beggars (many were English pirates) seize Dutch cities. England signs defensive alliance with France. Elizabeth’s famed seamen John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake (who circled the globe) were preying on Spanish ships, esp. in Americas. After St. Bart’s, Elizabeth was only protector of Protestants in the Netherlands. Provided soldiers and aid to Henry of Navarre in the Netherlands.

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada Sir Francis Drake of England shells the Spanish port of Cadiz and raids Portugal, delaying the invasion of the Spanish Armada. A huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25, 000 sailors is crushed by the swifter defending British navy (1/3 of the Armada never return to Spain). Protestant resistance everywhere is given hope and Spain is never again a world power. After Philip II’s death, Spain never had such a strong leader. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Preconditions for The Thirty Years War Fragmented Germany – Germany was an almost ungovernable land of 360 autonomous political entities. • Was Europe’s highway for trade and travel. • Peace of Augsberg gave them this sovereignty. • After Council of Trent , Protestants were afraid that Catholics would attempt to recreate the Catholic Europe of pre-Reformation times. Religious Divisions in the Holy Roman Empire • Between the equally-numbered Catholics and Protestants • Between liberal and conservative Lutherans • Between Lutherans and Calvinists Calvinism Rule of the Palatinate (SW region of Germany) • Calvinism unrecognized as a legal religion by the Peace of Augsburg, puts Frederick III (devout Calvinist) in as the Elector Palatine. • Lutherans felt the Palatine Calvinists threatened the Peace of Augsburg and the existence of Lutherans themselves Maximilian I of Bavaria counters the Palatine with the Catholic League. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Germany in 1564 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Religious divisions in Europe around 1600. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Holy Roman Empire in 1618, on the eve of the Thirty Years War Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Bohemian Period of the Thirty Years’ War (1618 -1625) Catholics name Ferdinand II (Catholic) as Holy Roman Emperor, who immediately revokes religious freedom to Bohemian Protestants. Bohemians defiantly name Palatine, Frederick V their king. Spain joins Maximilian, who defeats Frederick’s troops at the Battle of White Mountain, thereby taking over Bohemia and Palatine. By 1622, he had re-Catholicized Bohemia and the Palatine. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Bohemian protesters throw 3 of Ferdinand’s agents out the window To protest his revocation of Protestant freedoms. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Danish Period (1625 -1629) Emperor Maximilian humiliates Protestant forces in Germany under Danish Lutheran king Christian V and forces them to return to Denmark. Maximilian wasn’t a trusty ally, so Ferdinand looked elsewhere: Emperor Ferdinand gains an ally in the powerful Protestant mercenary Albrecht of Wallenstein. • An out-of-control, kinda scary rogue mercenary. Breaks Protestant resistance and orders the Edict of Restitution, an unrealistic move. • Called for return of church lands to Catholics, reaffirmed illegality of Calvinism. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Swedish Period (1630 -1635) Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden, a Lutheran, with help from the French and Dutch, turn the tide of the war with a smashing victory at Breitenfield. Adolphus is killed by Wallenstein’s forces at the Battle of Lutzen, but then Wallenstein is assassinated himself by Ferdinand, who was afraid of his independence. Despite religious convictions, the assassination of Wallenstein proved it was more a war of greed and politics. Peace of Prague – German Protestant states reach a compromise with Ferdinand; the war, however, continues elsewhere. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Fourth and Final Period: The Swedish -French Period (1635 -1648) Longest and most devastating. French, Swedish, and Spanish troops for the next thirteen years attack and loot Germany simply for the sake of warring itself. Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 ends the war by which time had killed one-third of Germany’s population – the Treaty did the following: • Rescinded the Edict of Restitution and put back the Peace of Augsburg. • Calvinists officially recognized. • Swiss Confederacy, the Netherlands and Bavaria become independent. • Brandenburg –Prussia becomes most powerful German state. • Perpetuated German division and weakness into the modern era by confirming territorial independence of Germany’s many entities. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Europe in 1648: After the Thirty Years War Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Spain and France continue to war until 1659, when France emerges victorious. France becomes Europe’s dominant power, while Hapsburg Spain never recovers. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.