Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction Levels

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Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction

Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction

Levels of Sociological Analysis • Macrosociology – Large-Scale Features of Social Life. • Microsociology

Levels of Sociological Analysis • Macrosociology – Large-Scale Features of Social Life. • Microsociology – Focus on Social Interaction. • Yield distinctive perspectives. • Needed both to gain a fuller understanding of social life. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Structure: The patterned relationships between people that persist over time.

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Structure: The patterned relationships between people that persist over time. • Guide Our Behavior. • Behavior and Attitudes Based on Location in Social Structure. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Components of Social Structure • • • Culture Social Class Status

The Macrosociological Perspective Components of Social Structure • • • Culture Social Class Status Roles Groups Institutions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Culture: Totality of way of life shared by a group of

The Macrosociological Perspective Culture: Totality of way of life shared by a group of people. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Class: Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Class: Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Class: Divides People by… • Income • Education • Occupational

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Class: Divides People by… • Income • Education • Occupational Prestige © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Status: The positions that someone occupies. • Ascribed: A position an

The Macrosociological Perspective Status: The positions that someone occupies. • Ascribed: A position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life. • Achieved: A position that is earned, accomplished, or involves some individual effort. • Master Statuses: A status that cuts across the other statuses © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Status Inconsistency: Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and

The Macrosociological Perspective Status Inconsistency: Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others. Status Set: All the statuses or positions that an individual occupies. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Roles: The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status. •

The Macrosociological Perspective Roles: The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status. • Occupy Status • Play Roles © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Groups: People who have something in common and who believe that

The Macrosociological Perspective Groups: People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Institutions: The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society

The Macrosociological Perspective Social Institutions: The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs. The five traditional include families, the economy, religion, education, and government. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective • Ten Social Institutions in Industrialized Societies. • Mass Media-- an

The Macrosociological Perspective • Ten Social Institutions in Industrialized Societies. • Mass Media-- an Emerging Social Institution. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Macrosociological Perspective Societies—and Their Transformation • • • Hunting and Gathering Societies Pastoral

The Macrosociological Perspective Societies—and Their Transformation • • • Hunting and Gathering Societies Pastoral and Horticultural Societies Agricultural Societies Industrial Societies Postindustrial (Information) Societies Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of Society Emerging? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Societies—and Their Transformation ca. 0. 2 MYA 10000 BCE 6 -5000 BCE 1765 CE

Societies—and Their Transformation ca. 0. 2 MYA 10000 BCE 6 -5000 BCE 1765 CE ca. 1950 s CE 1953 or 2001 CE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? – Durkheim (1858 -1917): Mechanical and

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? – Durkheim (1858 -1917): Mechanical and organic solidarity as the keys to social cohesion. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? • Mechanical Solidarity: The unity (a

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? • Mechanical Solidarity: The unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks. • Organic Solidarity: The interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? – Ferdinand Toinnes (1855 -1936): Analyzed

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? – Ferdinand Toinnes (1855 -1936): Analyzed different types of societies that existed before and after industrialization. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights r. eserved.

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? • Gemeinschaft: A community in which

Changes in Social Order What Holds Society Together? • Gemeinschaft: A community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness. • Gesellschaft: A type of society dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights r. eserved.

Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life Stereotypes in Everyday Life • Stereotype: Can

Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life Stereotypes in Everyday Life • Stereotype: Can be defined as a set of assumptions governing what people are believed to be like, whether true or false. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life Personal Space (Edward Hall) • • Intimate

Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life Personal Space (Edward Hall) • • Intimate Distance (Eighteen inches from body). Personal Distance (Eighteen inches to 4 feet). Social Distance (4 feet to 12 feet). Public Distance (beyond 12 feet). © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman (1922 to 1982): Developed

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman (1922 to 1982): Developed dramaturgy, the perspective within symbolic interactionism that views social life as a drama on the stage. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life • Front stage: Places where we

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life • Front stage: Places where we give performances. • Back stage: Places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life • Role performance: The ways in

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life • Role performance: The ways in which someone performs a role within the limits that the role provides; showing a particular “style” or “personality. ” • Role Strain: Conflicts that someone feels within a role. • Role Conflict: Conflict that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Sign Vehicles: Used to communicate information

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Sign Vehicles: Used to communicate information about self. • Social setting: Where action unfolds. • Appearance: How you look when you act out roles. • Manner: Attitudes you show as you play roles. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Role Strain and Role Conflict © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Role Strain and Role Conflict © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life • Impression Management: People’s efforts to

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life • Impression Management: People’s efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions Harold Garfinkle (1917 -2011) Ethnomethodology: The study of how people

Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions Harold Garfinkle (1917 -2011) Ethnomethodology: The study of how people do things. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions Harold Garfinkle’s Experiments – Conducted exercises to reveal our background

Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions Harold Garfinkle’s Experiments – Conducted exercises to reveal our background assumptions. – Most of these assumptions are unstated. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social Construction of Reality • The Social Construction of Reality: The use of background

Social Construction of Reality • The Social Construction of Reality: The use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real. • Definition of the Situation (Thomas Theorem): “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. ” • Objective Reality vs. Subjective Interpretation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.