CHAPTER 4 Pump Primer List and explain at

CHAPTER 4 Pump Primer • List and explain at least two weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

CHAPTER 4: CONSTITUTIONAL BEGINNINGS

CHAPTER 4 Biblical Integration • Every blessing comes from the Lord and His mercy is abundantly evident in the course of our history. (Prov. 16: 9)

Learning Objectives: 4 -1 • Identify the factors that influenced American colonial governments • Explain the significance of the declaration of Independence as a means of justifying the American colonies’ separation from Great Britain • Describe the forces that shaped the Confederation government • Identify the Confederation weaknesses. 4 -2 • Outline three major compromises of the Constitutional Convention • Define the role of political compromise in a free society. 4 -3 • Identify The Federalist Papers. • Discuss the arguments for and against ratification. • Explain the significance of the ratification of the Constitution

CONFEDERATION CRISES

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 • Political Influence and Motivation • Local government • Provided order and leadership • Legislative government - 1 st representative assembly - House of Burgesses (1619 - Wiliamsburg, VA) - Colonial assemblies • Encouraged political participation • Principle of representation • Provided leadership training • Limited government pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 49 -58 • Tension and War in America • 1760 - elements that started American frustration leading to the Revolution: • End of French and Indian War • George III becomes king of England • Stamp Act (1765) • Violated the Petition of Right - enforced military control and economic instability • Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) • Monopolization of the tea trade resulted in a boycott • Boston Tea Party (1773)

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 49 -58 • Increasing British control • Imposed peacetime army and required colonials to provision the soldiers • Violated the Petition of Right • Tea boycott • Boston Tea Party • British response

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 49 -58 • First Continental Congress (September 1774) • Philadelphia (for 2 months) • Delegates from every colony except Georgia • Accomplishments • Issued Declaration of Grievance to King George III also defined their rights as Americans, not British subjects.

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 49 -58 • Second Continental Congress (1775 -89) • Began shortly after the conflict at Lexington and Concord - late spring 1775 • Tasks: - Military - Declaration of Independence

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 Congress faced two major tasks: Deal with the military emergency around Boston Present a formal declaration of independence pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 • American Independence— 1776 • George Washington placed at head of the Continental army • Writing of Declaration of Independence • Committee of five - primarily written by Thomas Jefferson • Presented June 28, 1776 • Approved July 4, 1776 pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 The Declaration of Independence stressed four major laws, or truths: pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 1. All humans “are created equal” 2. All humans “are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights…Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 3. Governments are instituted “to secure these rights” 4. If governments become “destructive of these ends, ” they may rightfully be abolished pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 • The Second Continental Congress functioned as the national government • Weak legislature with little power • New state governments were formed • Strong and independent pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 49 -58 • The Articles of Confederation • Formalized the status quo • “Firm league of friendship” • Ratification required four years • Unicameral legislature with no executive or judiciary • Each state got one vote

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 The Articles of Confederation had one crucial weakness: an inability to enforce its policies pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 • Calls for Change • Realization of problems • Commercial disputes • Maryland Virginia (interstate commerce) • Annapolis Convention • Only five states attended • Called for another meeting in 1787 pp. 49 -58

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 49 -58 • Shays’s Rebellion • Daniel Shay led a small army of farmers in heavy debt to close down county courthouses • foreclosures & debtors prison • Quickly ended, but caused much concern • Fear of anarchy

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 59 -64 • Toward a New Government • Constitutional Convention began on May 25, 1787 • George Washington elected president of convention • Rule of secrecy • Committee of the whole

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 59 -64 Within five days, the delegates agreed overwhelmingly that “a national government ought to be established consisting of a Supreme Legislative, Judiciary, and Executive. ”

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 59 -64 • Representation • Virginia Plan • Representation based on population or revenue • Bicameral legislature held most of the power • Favored the larger states

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 • Representation • New Jersey Plan • Equal representation for each state • Unicameral legislature • Weak plural executive • Favored the smaller states pp. 59 -64

CHAPTER 4

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 59 -64 There were three major issues which required compromise.

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 59 -64 • Representation • Connecticut Compromise • Roger Sherman • Representation in lower house based on population • Equal representation for each state in the Senate

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 59 -64 • Slavery • Should slaves be counted in determining representation? • Three-Fifths Compromise

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 59 -64 • Commerce • Congress was given power over foreign and interstate commerce • Congress could not impose any export duties on the states • Congress could not interfere with the slave trade for at least twenty years

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 • Other Agreements • Electoral College • Treaties • September 17, 1787: signing of the Constitution pp. 59 -64

RATIFICATION CONTROVERSY

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 64 -70 • Article VII • Approval of at least nine states was required • Federalists: advocates of the Constitution • Anti-Federalists: opposed ratification

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 64 -70 • The Federalist Papers • New York • 85 essays • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

Federalist Papers • No. 10 - “The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection” (James Madison) • No. 51 – “The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments” (James Madison) • No. 78 – “The Judiciary” (Alexander Hamilton)

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 • The Battle in Virginia • Federalists: Madison, Washington, Jefferson • Anti-Federalists: Henry, Randolph, Mason • Pledge of a bill of rights • Approved by a vote of 89 -79 pp. 64 -70

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 pp. 64 -70 • The Battle in New York • Federalists: Hamilton • Anti-Federalists: Clinton • Approved by a vote of 30 -27 • There were now eleven states that had ratified the Constitution (NC, RI would ratify later)

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 4 The United States was the world’s first constitutional democracy. pp. 64 -70

Works Cited: 1 st Continental Congress. You. Tube. com. 2 Sep 2013. Web. 20 Aug 2014. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Nig 8 nzb. PPUA Declaration of Independence. You. Tube. com. 9 Mar 2006. Web. 15 July 2008. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j. Yytt. Eu_NLU I Have Looked for Our Rights. You. Tube. com. 13 Aug 2008. Web. 20 Aug 2014. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=RDzwtl 5 Z 2 c. A What Were the Articles of Confederation? America: Facts vs. Fiction, you. Tube. com. 26 Aug 2013. Web. 20 Aug 2014. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 KGG 9 af. W 7 XY