Chapter 4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Terminology and Abbreviations

Overview • Medical terminology is the language of medicine • Knowledge of medical terminology is essential to clear communication with other health care professionals Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Word Parts • Root — the foundation or core of a word • Suffix — the word ending that modifies and gives meaning to the root • Prefix — a word structure at the beginning of a word that further modifies the root Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Root Words • • • Adeno Bucc Cardi Cereb Dermat Encephal gland inside of

Root Words • • • Gastr Hemo Hepat Lacto Leuko Mal stomach blood liver

Root Words • • • Necro Onc Oste Phleb Ren Thrombo dead tumor bone

Suffixes • • • -algia -cyte -dipsia -ectomy -emia -gram pain cell thirst excision or removal blood condition record or picture (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Suffixes • • • -itis -lepsy -logy -malacia -megaly -osis inflammation seizure study of softening enlargement abnormal condition (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Suffixes • • • -penia -phobia -plasty -rrhage -rrhea -sclerosis decreased number fear surgical repair bursting forth of blood flow or discharge hardening (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Suffixes • • • -stasis -stenosis -therapy -tomy -trophy -uria control or stopping narrowing

Prefixes • • • ABrady. Circum. Dys. Ecto. Endo- without or not slow around

Prefixes • • • Hyper. Hypo. Infra. Meta. Micro. Neo- excessive or above deficient or under below or inferior change or after small new (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefixes • • • Para. Peri. Poly. Post. Pre. Retro- near or alongside around or surrounding many after or behind before behind or backwards (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefixes • • • Sub. Supra. Syn. Tachy. Trans. Ultra- below or under on

Combining Forms • Root words with an added vowel (known as a combining vowel) that connects the root with the suffix or to another root word • The most common combining vowel is o, followed by i, and then e Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Examples of Combining Forms • Hepat/o = liver • Cardi/o = heart • Gastr/o

Combining Forms Used in Compound Words • Hepatomegaly = liver enlargement • Cardiopathy =

Rules for Forming Medical Terms • A combining vowel is usually used to join a root to another root: – Oste + arthr + itis = osteoarthritis (root) (suffix) – This term means: (bone) + (joint) + (inflammation) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Abbreviations • Shortened forms of words representing common medical terms • Abbreviations are usually used in: – Writing prescriptions – Measurements – General medical terminology Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Integumentary System • • • Alopecia Dermatitis Urticaria Jaundice Mole Xerosis hair loss skin inflammation hives yellow discoloration of skin small, darkened spot on skin excessively dry skin Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Muscular System • Atrophy • Myalgia • Myopathy muscle wasting muscle

Terms of the Skeletal System • • Arthralgia Arthritis Osteomalacia Tendonitis joint pain joint inflammation softening of bones inflammation of tendon Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Nervous System • • • Amnesia Analgesia Anesthesia Meningitis Neuralgia Paresthesia loss of memory relief of pain loss of sensation inflammation of the meninges nerve pain abnormal sensation Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Ears • • Audiology Cochlea Presbycusis Tinnitus study of hearing disorders

Terms of the Eye • • Diplopia Glaucoma Keratitis Retinitis double vision disease of increased intraocular pressure inflammation of the cornea inflammation of the retina Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Endocrine System • • Epinephrine Exocrine Hormone Hyperinsulinism hormone of the adrenal medulla external secretion of gland chemical substance secreted by glands excessive secretion of insulin Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Cardiovascular System • • • Arrhythmia Arteriosclerosis Bradycardia Cardiomegaly Endocarditis irregular heartbeat hardening of the arteries slow heartbeat enlargement of the heart inflammation of the endocardium Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems • • Anticoagulant Hematoma Hemorrhage Septicemia agent that keeps blood from clotting collection of blood in tissue excessive bleeding bacteria in blood Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Respiratory System • • • Bronchitis Dyspnea Laryngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis inflammation of the bronchi shortness of breath inflammation of the larynx inflammation of the lung inflammation of the sinuses Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Digestive System • • • Appendectomy Cholecystitis Emesis Gingivitis Hepatitis removal of the appendix inflammation of the gallbladder vomiting inflammation of the gums inflammation of the liver Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Urinary System • • • Anuria Dysuria Hematuria Nephritis Polyuria lack of urine formation painful urination blood in urine inflammation of kidney excessive urination Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Male Reproductive System • Orchiditis • Prostatectomy • Prostatitis inflammation of the testicle removal of the prostate inflammation of the prostate Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms of the Female Reproductive System • • • Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Hysterectomy Mastectomy Vaginitis lack of menstruation painful menstruation removal of uterus removal of breast Inflammation of vagina Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prescription Abbreviations • • am bid c d fl liq Mixt, mist morning twice

Prescription Abbreviations • • • NPO Prn q 2 h Rx Sig Stat nothing by mouth as needed every 2 hours prescription; also means “take” instruction to patient immediately Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Abbreviations in Measurement • • g gtt mcg m. L gram drop microgram milliliter

Medical Abbreviations • • AIDS Ast BP Ca acquired immunodeficiency syndrome astigmatism blood pressure

Medical Abbreviations • • • Cath CBC CHF CNS CS catheter complete blood count congestive heart failure central nervous system cesarean, or C section (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Medical Abbreviations • • • CT CTS DM Dx EEG computed tomography carpal tunnel syndrome diabetes mellitus diagnosis electroencephalogram (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Medical Abbreviations • • • EKG GERD GH GI Gyn electrocardiogram gastroesophageal reflux disease growth hormone gastrointestinal gynecology (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Medical Abbreviations • • • HIV IBS K MI MRI human immunodeficiency virus irritable bowel syndrome potassium myocardial infarction magnetic resonance imaging (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Medical Abbreviations • • • MS Na PID PMS Pt multiple sclerosis sodium pelvic inflammatory disease premenstrual syndrome patient (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Medical Abbreviations • • • REM SC STD UTI WBC rapid eye movement subcutaneous sexually transmitted disease urinary tract infection white blood cells or white blood count Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Drug Names • Drugs may have several different names assigned to them: – – Chemical name Generic (nonproprietary) name Official name Trade or brand name Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Generic Names with Sample Brand Names • • • Tetracycline Ibuprofen Aspirin Amoxicillin Lorazepam Meperidine Achromycin Advil Alka-Seltzer, Bufferin Amoxil Ativan Demerol (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Generic Names with Sample Brand Names • • • Glipizide Famotidine Guaifenesin Acetaminophen Diazepam Glucotrol Pepcid Robitussin Tylenol Valium Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.